• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.15-18
• /
• 1971

The histological structures of Buxus koreana were studied by cross section and compared with those of Buxus koreana var. elongata, B. koreana var. insularis, B. microphylla subsp. sinica (Taiwan) and B. liukiuensis(Okinawa). Many different points showed that B. koreana var. insularis is similar to B. microphylla subsp. sinica while B. koreana to B. liukiuensis. The extracts of Buxus koreana by three solvents are as follows: ether ext. 3.34%, dilute alcohol ext. 16.98%, water ext. 11.67%. The total alkaloid of Buxus koreana is approximately 0.01%. The general pharmacological effects of dilute alcohol ext. of Buxus koreana were studied and the following conclusions were obtained. Contraction of excised uterus of rabbit was augmented by treatment of dilute alcohol ext. Motility of excised intestine of rabbit was stopped for a moment and stimulated at once by treatment of dilute alcohol ext.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.21 no.4 s.55
• /
• pp.331-335
• /
• 2006

The single dose toxicity of Buxus microphylla var koreana Nakai was evaluated in ICR mice. Twenty five mice of each sex were randomly assigned to five groups of 5 mice each and were administered singly by gavage at dose of 0, 222, 667, 2,000 and 5,000 mg/kg body weight. After single administration, signs of toxicity were observed every hour for the first 6 hours and every day for 14 days. At the end of 14-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed for gross postmortem examinations. Neither significant toxic signs nor death was observed during the observation period. In addition, no pathological changes were noticed in macroscopic examination at necropsy. These results indicate that the single oral administration of Buxus microphylla var. Koreana Nakai did not cause any toxic effect at the dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight for both sexes and $LD_{50}$ of Buxus microphylla var. koreana Nakai is greater than 5,000 mg/kg body weight.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 1983

Buxus leaves(Buxus microphylla var. koreana Nakai) have been used as a folk medicine in treating woman's disease. The chemical constituents, which have teen identified from Buxus sempervirens L. in Europe, are so far known in isolation of buxus alkaloids, cyclobuxine, buxamine, norbuxamine and buxaminol. But But any study on the pharmacological action of Buxus microphylla var. koreana Nakai has not yet teen rallied out, however, active substances have not been identified. As an attempt to isolate the biologically active substances from this plant, the examination of chemical constituents was undertaken. In the experiment, the crystalline component$(C_{10}H_8O_4)$ obtained from Buxus microphylla var. koreana Nakai was identified as a 6-methoxy, 7-hydroxy coumarin by chemical and physical methods. We named this crystal buxuletin. Therefore, we intended to screen the pharmacological action of buxuletin, especially, its diuretic effects in rabbits. Buxuletin was intraveneously injected to the rabbit in the dose of 20 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg. The variations of urine volume and minerals $(Na^+,\;K^+\;and\;Cl^-)$ in urine were measured at an interval of 15 minutes for 4 hours after the treatment of buxuletin. The observed results are as follows: 1) With the administration of buxuletin (20 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg), the remarkable increment of the excreted urine volume was observed during the relatively long period. Excretion rates of urinary minerals $(Na^+,\;K^+\;and\;Cl^-)$ were also increased. 2) In a dose of 5 mg/kg, the slight increment on the diuretic actions of rabbits was observed. From the above results, authors name this crystal buxuletin and buxuletin shows the diuretic action.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.46-57
• /
• 1992

This study was carried out to compare physiological characteristics of winter green cultivar (Buxus microphylla van. koreana 'Hanlim') with those of native cultuvar and clucidate the effect of environmental factors such as light intensity, time of shading, and nutrients etc. on leaf color in Korean boxwood(Buxus microphylla var. koreana Nakai). The results are summarized as followed; The 'Hanlim' cultivar had higher contents of chlorophyll as compared with native cultivar from September, 1989 to March, 1990. However, at April, 1990, native cultivar had higher chlorophyll contents. In the rate of photosynthesis, 'Hanlim' cultivar was higher than native cultivar from September to December, 1989, but showed the opposite trend from March to April, 1990. As to the period of browning, 'Hanlim'cultivar had stayed green even after November 22, 1989, while the foliage of native cultivar turned yellowish brown color through the winter. The contents of nitrogen and potassium of 'Hanlim' cultivar werehigher than those of the native cultivar. However native cultivar had higher rate of phosphorus, magnessium, and calcium. In the effect of environmental factors such as light intensity, time of shading, and nutrients etc. on leaf color in Korean boxwood(Buxus microphylla var. koreana Nakai), chlorophyll contents were increased with shading and leaves grown 70% shading had twice as much as those of full sunlight, fertilized plot. Nutrient fertilization increased chlorophyll contents and values of color in boxwood too. In the shading times, early shading time maintained effectively green color of boxwood in winter. Therefore, in case of native cultivars, it has planted at full sunlight area until now and color of leaves turned yellowish brown color through the witner. However, it will maintain green color of leaves by planting at shade area. In addition to, as 'Hanlim' cultivar had benefits of maintain green color of leaves during winter, it will be planted at full sunlight area to landscape plants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 1965

It has already been noted that some tree species, denoted as tolerant species, endure to behavior shadiness in growth than those species, denoted as intolerant species, since this fact of tolerance must be involved in silvicultural practice, the present author, with pinus rigida, pinus Thunbergii, and Buxus koreana, investigated the relation of degree of shadiness to soil moisture condition. Because tolerant and intolerant trees must be considered from the standpoint of their ability to use any of the factors that are likely to be at low concentration in the dense or open forest. The observed results may be summarized as follows : 1. The ability of tolerance of the species to shadiness is differently concluded by the base with which the analysis was made, i.c. Height, growth, diameter growth, T-R ratio or dry matter increase and so on. Regarding this point root collar increment or dry matter increase were considered more reasonable bases for discussing the tolerability. 2. When total length growth, including both stem and root, is taken as standard for the comparison of the ability of tolerance for each species, higher soil moisture condition and thicker shadeniss lessened the ability of pinus rigida, seedlings. Pinus Thunbergii, showed. However more moisture resistant than pinus rigida. Buxus koreana, seemed to have stronger ability of tolerance than any others. 3. When total dry matter content taken as standard, the results obtained are given in Fig, 3. In pinus rigida, the soil moisture supplemented the lack of light.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.10 no.11
• /
• pp.272-278
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted to confirm the component and efficacy evaluation of Buxus Koreana by different part. Leaf, stem, root, and fruit were extracted with 70% ethanol, and the contents of polyphenols and flavonoids were analyzed, and the efficacy against anti-inflammatory, moisturizing and wrinkles were confirmed. The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids of B. Koreana were the highest in fruit extracts at 77.32 and 51.91 mg/g, respectively. As a result of confirming the NO production inhibitory effect, the root extracts showed an inhibitory effect of 29.6%, and iNOS significantly decreased as the concentration of the extracts increased compared to the LPS treatment group. As a result of checking the mRNA expression level of MMP1, it was found to be effective in the root and stem extracts. Through the efficacy evaluation of B. Koreana the possibility of use as a cosmetic material was confirmed.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 2013

Objectives: Buxus Microphylla var. Koreana Nakai Extract (BMKNE) is used as a folk remedy for malaria and veneral disease. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BMKNE in the growth and the survival of AGS cells, the most common human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines. Methods: The AGS cells were treated with varying concentrations of BMKNE. Analyses of the sub G1 peak, the caspase-3 and -9 activities, and the mitochondrial depolarization were conducted to determine whether AGS cell death occured by apoptosis. Also, to identify the role of transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 7 channels in AGS cell growth and survival, we used human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells overexpressed with TRPM7 channels. Results: Experimental results showed that the sub G1 peak, the caspase-3 and -9 activities, and the mitochondrial depolarization were increased. Therefore, BMKNE was found to induce the apoptosis of these cells, and this apoptosis was inhibited by SB203580 (a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor), and by a c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) II inhibitor. Furthermore, BMKNE inhibited TRPM7 currents and TRPM7 channel over-expressions in HEK 293 cells, exacerbating BMKNE-induced cell death. Conclusions: These findings indicate that BMKNE inhibits the growth and the survival of gastric cancer cells due to a blockade of the TRPM7 channel's activity and MAPK signaling. Therefore, BMKNE is a potential drug for treatment of gastric cancer, and both the TRPM7 channel and MAPK signaling may play an important role in survival in gastric cancer cells.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.122-129
• /
• 2016

It is important to know the sensitivity of shrubs to de-icing salt in order to set guidelines for ecological tolerance of evergreen shrubs along roads. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of de-icing salt, calcium chloride($CaCl_2$), on the growth and physiological characteristics of three evergreen shrubs, Euonymus japonica, Rhododendron indicum, and Buxus koreana. Plants were exposed to calcium chloride at different concentrations(weight percentage, 0% as control, 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0%) through amended soil maintained from the start of the experiment in October of 2014 until termination in March of 2015. The survival rate, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight, dry matter, root/top ratio, chlorophyll contents, fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conduct, and transpiration rate were recorded. Elevated calcium chloride concentrations decreased plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, fresh weight, dry weight, dry matter, and R/T ratio of the three shrubs. Root growth responded more sensitively than the top growth to salinity. However Euonymus japonica was more tolerant to salt stress than Rhododendron indicum and Buxus koreana. Their growths were totally inhibited by $CaCl_2$ above 3.0% and 1.0% concentrations, respectively. Chlorophyll content, fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conduct, and transpiration rate of both Rhododendron indicum and Buxus koreana were reduced sharply, while Euonymus japonica exhibited mild reductions compared to plants grown in control when increasing calcium chloride was used. Especially, the transpiration rates of Rhododendron indicum, and the photosynthesis and stomatal conduct of Buxus koreana were suppressed as the concentrations of calcium chloride increased. Therefore, Euonymus japonica should be considered as an ecologically tolerant species with proven tolerance to de-icing salt.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.91-99
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to find out the vegetation community structure and the distribution characteristics of Buxus koreana through analysis of the topography and soil characteristics in Kwanaksan Ecological and Scenery Conservation Area. To do this twenty two plots as $100m^2$ each were set up and investigated. As a result, the vegetation communities were classified in four groups; Pinus rigida community (I), P. rigida - B. koreana community(II), Quercus mongolica community(III), Quercus acutissima - Quercus serrata community(IV). The distribution characteristics in topography appeared that B. koreana distributed more in valley where soil water and nutrition conditions are good. The drainage condition also influenced the distribution, because the ratio of clay was low in the result of soil texture analysis. B. koreana was distributed in high-pitched slope and the high rock ratio area. According to the soil analysis, the mean soil pH of B. koreana distributed groups(pH 4.79) was higher than that of non-B. koreana distributed groups(pH 4.41). It appeared that B. koreana had tolerance to the barren soil, so the value of exchangeable cations such as $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$were showed lower than that of the average of Korean forest soil.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.23-41
• /
• 1987

This study was conducted to investigate the planting status of the woody landscape plant species and to obtain some fundamental informations for improvement of production and sales circulation of the woody landscape plants. The details of 328 landscape projects which were carried out for 2 years from 1983 to 1984 were surveyed to investigate the utilization status of the woody landscpe plants. The results obtained are summarized as fellows ; 1) The utilization rate of the trees to the shrubs as woody landscape plants was 1 : 6 and that of the evergreens to deciduous plants was 1 : 4. The plant species which were most frequently used in landscaping were Buxus microphylla koreana, Juniperus chinensis, Zelkova serrata and Acer saccharinum, howevr, plants which were used in largest quantitites were Ligustrum obtusifolium, Forsythia koreana, Buxus microphylla koreans and Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense. 2) The number of plants planted among 3 shrub species(Ligustrum obtusifolium, Forsythia koreana and Buxus microphylla korana) exceeded half of the total number of shrubs planted for landscping, however, the number of plants planted among 8 tree species including Pinus koreainensis were about half of the total tree species. 3) The number of government price specified plant species was only 20%, but the utilization frequency of the price specified plants was as much as 6 times than unspecified plants and 85% of plants used in landscaping works were the price specified plants. The utilization rate of the price specified plants was significantly high in the shrubs than the trees and in the evergreen than deciduous plants. 4) The amounts in use of the price specified standardized plants were significantly more than those of unstandardized plants. When the plant heights are same, the plants having wider canopy or stem diameter were rather frequently used in the landscaping works. The ratio of the width of the canopy or stem diameter to the stem length of the plants in the Korean standard is significantly greater than that in the Japanese standard.