• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2008

Vibration velocity induced by earthquakes or external vibration sources is one of the integrity assessment indexes, and is also a representative value used to describe the amount of vibration because it is based on a proportional relationship with the damage scale. In this study, the vibration velocity criterion for structures is first examined. Then, based on the velocity criterion, an integrity assessment is performed. Burial condition is set up based on the "Highway and Local Road Design Criteria" with API 5L Gr. X65 pipeline(D=762 mm). The FE model considers DB-24 vehicle load as a time function with a varying velocity in the range of $20{\sim}160\;km/h$. Maximum vibration velocity occurs at v=80 km/h and decreases after v=80 km/h. The maximum vibration velocity of buried pipeline by DB-24 loads is about 0.034 cm/s. The velocity that occurs is in the range of allowable values for each vibration velocity criterion. The wave propagation velocity was identified based on attenuation law and the minimum value appears at vehicle velocity 80 km/h that has maximum vibration velocity.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.291-303
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• 2020

The deformation of the rock surrounding a tunnel manifests due to the stress redistribution within the surrounding rock. By observing the deformation of the surrounding rock, we can not only determine the stability of the surrounding rock and supporting structure but also predict the future state of the surrounding rock. In this paper, we used grey system theory to analyse the factors that affect the deformation of the rock surrounding a tunnel. The results show that the 5 main influencing factors are longitudinal wave velocity, tunnel burial depth, groundwater development, surrounding rock support type and construction management level. Furthermore, we used seismic prospecting data, preliminary survey data and excavated section monitoring data to establish a neural network learning model to predict the total amount of deformation of the surrounding rock during tunnel collapse. Subsequently, the probability of a change in deformation in each predicted section was obtained by using a Bayesian method for detecting change points. Finally, through an analysis of the distribution of the change probability and a comparison with the actual situation, we deduced the survey mark at which collapse would most likely occur. Surface collapse suddenly occurred when the tunnel was excavated to this predicted distance. This work further proved that the Bayesian method can accurately detect change points for risk evaluation, enhancing the accuracy of tunnel collapse forecasting. This research provides a reference and a guide for future research on the probability analysis of tunnel collapse.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.20
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

In February 1986, a high-school student reported the discovery of fragments of gilt-bronze burial goods on a mountainside behind a village in Ipjeom-ri, Ungpo-myeon in Iksan. The National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage immediately undertook an excavation. Unfortunately, gilt-bronze relics including a band and vertical decorations for a crown, a hat, and shoes had already been collected from Ipjeom-ri Tomb 1 by the student who found them before they could be properly excavated. Also, the interior of the stone chamber of the tomb had been severely disturbed by the time of excavation, making it difficult to identify the precise original locations of the relics within the tomb and hindering the reassembly of the fragments of the gilt-bronze crown. After conservation treatment, the gilt-bronze hat, shoes, and other relics were restored to their original forms and researchers were able to identify incised designs of a three-legged bonghwang(鳳凰), fish scales, lotus flowers, and other motifs. This study presents the major features of the fragments of gilt-bronze relics from Ipjeom-ri Tomb 1 and the methods of their production in order to provide basic material for their restoration and allow the eventual restoration of the giltbronze crown to its original condition.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-127
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• 2009

Mineral quantification was performed on sediments of the Ulleung basin by X-ray powder diffraction and the computer software based on Rietveld quantification method. The sediments are dominated by amorphous opal-A with quartz, feldspars, micas, clays, calcite, and pyrite. The opal-A shows iterative variation in abundance with increasing burial depth. In addition, the relative abundance of opal-A is coincident with abundance of organic carbon contents, indicating that the Ulleung sediment consists mostly of amorphous silica derived from organism in the pelagic environment. Upward increase in the abundance of opal-A is markedly shown in the cores located in the slope region. On the other hand, there is a distinct tendency that the abundance of calcite is inversely proportional to that of opal-A. This indicates that the abundance of opal-A increases during the rise of sea level. Also, the fall of sea level lowers the abundance of opal-A.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2013

To investigate the transmission pattern of geographical area and temporal trends of the 2010~2011 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Korea, and to explore temporal intervals at which spatial clustering of FMD cases space-time analysis based on georeferenced database of 3,575 burial sites, from 30 November 2010 to 23 February 2011, was performed. The cases represent approximately 98.1% of all infected farms (n = 3,644) during the same period. Descriptive maps of spatial patterns of the outbreaks were generated by ArcGIS. Spatial Scan Statistics, using SaTScan software, was applied to investigate geographical clusters of FMD cases across the country. Overall, spatial heterogeneity was identified, and the transmission pattern was different by province. Cattle have more clusters in number but smaller in size, as compared to the swine population. In addition, spatiotemporal analysis and the comparison of clustering patterns between the first 7 days and days 8 to 14 of the outbreak revealed that the strongest spatial clustering was identified at the 7-day interval, although clustering over longer intervals (8~14 days) was also observed. We further discussed the importance of time period elapsed between FMD-suspected notice and the date of confirmation, and emphasized the necessity of region-specific and species-specific control measures.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.369-377
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• 2018

In order to examine the constituents and weathered state of a lacquer specimen, analysis of the organic materials was conducted using py/GC/MS(pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The samples were obtained from the lacquered wooden sheath of a long ring-pommel sword excavated in the Imdang No.1 ancient tomb constructed around the Proto-Three Kingdoms period. In direct py/GC/MS, the sample and the dried Asian lacquer showed similar chromatograms, while the characteristic compounds of Asian lacquer such as 1,2-dimethoxy-3-pentadecylbenzene were observed in THM(thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation)-py/GC/MS. In addition, compounds like dimethyl nonanedioate, which presumably originated from drying oil, were also detected. Furthermore, the detection of oxidized catechols in considerable amount indicated that the degradation of lacquer is estimated to result from the oxidation of urushiol. Therefore, it is suggested that the lacquered wooden sheath was prepared using Asian lacquer and drying oil, and that the lacquer layer was considerably oxidized over the long burial time.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.204-211
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• 2008

Polyethylene(PE) pipes have been widely used as they are easy to construct and suitable for economical efficient when they are compared with metal pipelines. This paper studied the effect of various external loadings on stress and deflection of the buried PE pipes using Finite Element Method(FEM). For this purpose, stresses of buried PE pipes were calculated according to the loading condition such as pipe types(pipe diameter $50{\sim}400mm$), burial depths($0.6{\sim}1.2m$) and internal pressures($0.4{\sim}4bar$). As a result, it was founded the effect and relation with each of loading conditions under the buried condition.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.36
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• pp.33-48
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• 2015

In this study, ancient DNA analyses were carried out on the human skeletal remains from a historical cemetery site in Myeongam-ri, Asan, Korea. Human remains of 27 individuals out of tombs from the Goryeo to Joseon Dynasty were selected for the analysis of this study. In order to identify the genealogy of the population and traditional burial pattern of the cemetery, we conducted comparative analyses of the hyper variable regions (HVRs) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of each sample. We sequenced 9 segmental amplicons of HVRs and assigned relevant haplogroups according to the sequence polymorphism on the basis of the known mtDNA database. As a result, we were analyses 18 human remains of 27 individuals and result of amelogenin analysis were only 4 samples.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.337-343
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• 2001

This study was purposed to see how men's hair styles of Japan had changed throughout history and results of the study was as follows. There are such evidences as topknots in its primitive styles and wooden combs that several hair styles were tried already in the primitive Jomon Period. In the Yayoi period, bare topknot style without crowns and Mizura style in which hair drop down both ears were popular. In the period of ancient burial mounds, Mizura style was dominative style and varied its form and shape according to classes and status. In the Aska and Nara era, topknot-in-the-crown style in which hair bound in one as in continental style and put in crown or hood, which style was influenced by the Sui and the Tang periods of China. Since the Heian period, topknot-in-the-Ebosi style, binding style, and Karawa style as well as topknot-in-the-crown style came in sight and Sakayaki style became popular in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. In the Momoyama period, Chasenmage style and Ichomage style were spread widely. In the early Edo era, Wakashumage style and Yaromage style as well as Ichomage style were preferred. In the middle of Edo era in which form and shape of topknot was more distinct symbol of class, status and job than in any other period, Tachmach style under the influence of the Punkin and Honda modes. Sonno style was popular in the late Edo era. There was a drastic disappearance of topknot style by the hair-cutting order during the Meiji Restoration period and civilized hair style of the Jankiri style, a kind of dishevelled hair style without making a topknot was in fashion and continued to the present.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.275-285
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• 2006

With these excavated clothes discussed above, the clothing style before and after the Chosun-Japan War from 1592 to 1597 can be summarized as follows. 1) Shroud was a clothes newly made for funeral or usually worn by the deceased. Shroud was mostly a unlined clothes whose adjustment was made in such way its left part was on top of its right one. Yeomeui, a clothes used to wrap up the body of the deceased or fill between the body and the coffin, was usually lined or quilted. Suryeeui was a suit sent by close relatives of the deceased or granted by the court. Mostly padded with cotton or quilted, suryeeui was used only for yeomeui. 2) The term of ching was used to count units of po and suits of trousers and jeogori during dressing the deceased for burial. If trousers and jeogori were not joined into a suit, they were not counted as ching. 3) Aekjueumpo, bangryeongsangeui, three-forked trousers and haengjeon for women were all clothes worn around the war. All these clothes were not worn after the war. 4) Several types of po which were discovered in Daejeon included danryeong, simeui, nansam, jikryeong, cheolik, aekjuempo, changeui and jungchimak for men and jangeui for women. Often, jikryeong, cheolrik, aekjueumpo and bangryeongsangeui were used before the war and changeui and jungchimak since then. 5) The git of jeogori had the style of mokpan git before the war, which was changed into that of dangko git through making the rectangular ege of mokpan git rounded in the 17th century. And jeogori became entirely small sized and the baerae line of sleeve became oblique. 6) In funeral rites of Daejon, simeui and nansam both of which were symbols of Confucian scholars, instead of official uniforms, were used as funeral garments. This suggests that funeral rites of Daejeon considerably reflected academic traditions of the Giho school meaning groups of scholars representing the region.