• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.480-492
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• 1997

옥천대의 남서대와 영남육괴의 북서 경계부에 대략 평행한 2열로 분포되어 있는 전주 및 순창 엽리상화강암류의 근원마그마의 분화과정 및 성인을 규명하기 위하여 양 암체의 암석학적 및 지화학적 특성을 비교, 고찰하였다. 주성분 원소의 분석결과는 전주 및 순창엽리상화강암이 암석화학적으로 퍼알루미나 또는 칼크알칼리 계열에 속함을 보였으며, 기존의 화강암류 성인에 대한 I/S형 및 자철석/티탄철석 계열의 분류기준을 적용할 경우 비록 원소화학적으로는 I-형과 자철석 계열이 우세한 경향을 보이지만 일관성있게 분류되지 않는 특성을 보였다. 주성부 원소의 분석결과에 의한 CIPW norm 조성에서, 전주암체는 분화가 진행됨에 따라 화강섬록암에서 화강암으로 진화되는 반면, 순창암체는 화강섬록암에서 석영몬조섬록암으로 진화되는 특성을 보였다. 이는 양 암체가 지각물질과의 동화 혹은 결정분별과정 등을 포함하는 마그마 진화의 후기 과정에서 서로 상이했음을 시사한다. 전주 및 순창암체의 희토류원소 분포형태는 양 암체 모두에서 Eu(-) 이상이 거의 나타나지 않고 LREE가 HREE에 비해 극도로 부화된 경향을 보여 서로 매우 유사했다. 이러한 희토류 원소의 분포형태는 우리나라의 선불국사 화강암류에서 보여지는 공통적인 희토류원소의 분포형태와 유사한 것이다. 이상의 결과들은 전주 및 순창엽리상화강암이 그 조성에 있어 서로 유사한 근원암 즉, 화성암질 조성을 갖는 대륙지각의 부분용융에 의해서 형성된 마그마를 기원으로 하고 있으며, 서로 유사한 마그마 분화정치과정을 거쳤음을 시사한다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.365-370
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• 1983

가(加)아세트산(酸) 분해(分解)에 의하여 미소결정성(微少結晶性) 섬유소(纖維素)로 부터 과당류(寡糖類)를 조제(調製)할 경우, 그 적정반응시간(適正反應時間)을 구(求)하고저 Sigmacell Type 19를 원료(原料)로 가(加)아세트산분해(酸分解), 탈(脫)아세틸반응(反應), 그리고 활성탄(活性炭) 셀라이트 흡착관(吸着管)크로마토그래피에 의한 분별과정(分別過程)을 거쳐 과당류(寡糖類)의 조제(調製) 실험(實驗)을 하였다. 최초(最初) 아세틸화(化) 생성물(生成物)의 양(量)은 반응시간(反應時間)이 길수록 증가(增加)하였으나 동시(同時)에 cellotriose, octaacetate 등(等)의 메타놀불용성(不溶性) 성분(成分)을 더욱 함유(含有)하는 것으로 구명(究明)되었다. 3시간(時間)의 가(加)아세트산분해(酸分解)에 의하여 각(各) 과당류(寡糖類)의 분포(分布)와 수율(收率)이 가장 향상(向上)되었고 4시간(時間)의 경우에는 cellotriose, -tetraose의 수율(收率)은 증가(增加)하는 반면(反面)에 보다 큰 분자(分子)의 수율(收率)이 감소(減少)하였다. 3시간(時間)의 가(加)아세트산분해(酸分解)의 경우 원료(原料) 68.2g으로부터의 수율(收率)은: cellotriose, 1.36g (2.0%); -tetraose, 1.64g (2.4%) ; -pentaose, 1.16g (1.7%) ; -hexaose, 0.82g (1.2%) ; 그리고 -heptaose, 0.21g (0.3%)이었다.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.471-478
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• 2010

박막은 마이크로 전자 장치, 자기 기록 매체, 미세 기전 시스템 및 표면 코팅과 같은 다양한 응용에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 수행하는 재료이다. 이러한 박막의 재료 물성 값은 상응하는 거시 재료의 물성 값과 다를 수 있기 때문에 박막의 기계적 물성 값들을 신뢰성 있게 측정할 수 있는 시험법의 개발이 요구되어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 종래의 약 처짐 시험법과 단축 인장 시험법의 한계성을 극복하기 위해 나노미터 이하의 면외 변위 측정 분해능을 갖는 백색광 간섭계를 채택한 새롭고 간편한 시험법을 개발하였다. 개발된 시험법의 유효성을 검증해 보기 위하여 스퍼터링을 포함한 마이크로 공정에 의해 자유지지 알루미늄 박막 시험편을 제작한 뒤 이를 이용하여 인장 물성 값을 측정하였다. 폭 0.5 mm, 두께 $1{\mu}m$인 시험편을 실리콘 다이상에 1~5개 제작하여 사용하였다. 모터 구동 팁, 하중계 및 6 자유도 정렬 장치로 구성된 시험기를 자체적으로 제작한 뒤 막 처짐 시험을 수행하였다. 시험기는 가능한 작게 제작하여 상용 백색광 간섭 현미경 아래에 설치 가능하도록 하였다. 백색광 간섭무늬를 이용하여 시험편과 시험기 사이의 정렬 맞춤을 수행하였다. 영 계수는 62 GPa, 항복점은 247 MPa로 측정되었다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.50-66
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• 1998

This study was conducted to estimate crystalline silica contents in airborne respirable dust from various manufacturing industries and to compare analytical performance of two methods of quantifying crystalline silica, X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Fourie transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For this study, various manufacturing industries with a history of having pneumoconiosis cases and also known to generate dusts containing crystalline silica were investigated. These industries include: foundry, brick, potteries, concrete, and abrasive material, etc. Both personal and area respirable dust samples were collected using 10 mm, Dorr-Oliver nylon cyclone equipped with 37mm, $5{\mu}m$ pore size, polyvinylchloride (PVC) filters as collection media. In addition, total dust samples were collected side-by-side to the respirable samples. All samples were weighed before and after sampling and were pretreated according to the NIOSH sampling and analytical methods 0500, 7500, and 7602 for dust collection and quartz analysis. In addition, bulk samples were collected and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for minerals. In this article, only the results obtained from foundry are reported. The results from various other industries will be published in future articles. The respirable dust concentrations from personal samples by cyclone were $0.46-1.06mg/m^3$ and those from area samples were $0.34-0.73mg/m^3$. Dust concentrations of personal samples were significantly higher than those of area samples. The highest dust concentration was obtained from the personal samples of the finishing operation. Total dust concentration ranged $1.24-3.40mg/m^3$. The mean quartz contents estimated by FTIR and XRD in the personal respirable dust samples were 5.12% and 4.41%, respectively, without significant difference between them. For quartz analyses, the two techniques were highly correlated with $r^2$ ranged 0.803-0.920. But the results by FTIR were mostly higher than those by XRD. In addition, cristobalite was not detected by FTIR. Significant correlations between contents of crystalline silica and such minerals as $Al_2O_3$, CaO, $TiO_2$, and $K_2O$ suggest possible interferences from these minerals.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.221-228
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• 2004

국내에서는 최근 구조물 증축에 필요한 경량골재를 중국 및 일본 등에서 수입해 사용하고 있는 실정이고, 환경오염에 대한 관심 또한 고조되면서 폐기물의 처리, 처분 문제가 심각하게 대두되고 있다. 이에 순수 국내 기술로 폐기물과 점토질 원료를 습식혼합, 로터리 킬른에서 소성하여 인공경량골재를 제조한 후 기본 물성을 평가하였고 경량콘크리트에 적용하여 강도특성을 고찰하였다. 인공경량골재의 절건비중은 1.4～1.7, 흡수율은 13～16%이었으며, 파쇄율은 약 30～55%로 강자갈이나 쇄석과 비교하여 10% 이상 높은 수치를 나타내었고 파쇄 형상에서도 차이를 보였다. 골재를 2mm 이하로 분쇄하여 TCLP 용출시험 후 추출된 여액을 ICP-AES로 분석한 결과, 검출한계 이하 또는 용출량 기준치 이하로 용출되었다. 제조된 인공경량골재를 사용한 경량콘크리트 공시체를 제작하여 슬럼프, 압축강도, 휨파괴변형 특성을 시험하였다. 시험 결과, 인공골재 치환율 30vo1%, 물시멘트비 45wt%인 공시체에서의 슬럼프 및 압축강도 특성이 가장 우수하였다. 경량골재 콘크리트의 슬럼프 및 압축강도 시험결과를 통해 도출된 최적배합을 바탕으로 경량콘크리트 패널을 제작하여 단열 및 차음특성을 시험한 결과, 평균 열관류율은 3.293W/$m^2$$^{\circ}C$로 쇄석콘크리트에 비해 약 15% 우수하였으며, 음향투과손실은 500Hz에서 50.9㏈로 기준치를 약 13% 상회하는 결과를 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.599-605
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• 2016

In this study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics (Exp. I) of bedding materials such as rice hulls (RH), sawdust (SD), wood shavings (WS) and sawdust+wood shavings (S+W; 1:1 in volume), and utilization of these beddings except RH (Exp. II) for rearing beef cattle. In Exp. I, the distribution of particle size (%) with $250{\mu}m$ and below $250{\mu}m$ was greater (p<0.05) in SD (30.4) than RH (4.4), WS (18.8) and S+W (20.1). Bulk density ($kg/m^3$) of bedding materials was directly proportional to the percentage of $250{\mu}m$ and below $250{\mu}m$ particles, 178, 46, 112, and 88 for SD, WD, S+W and RH, respectively. Water absorption rate (%) after submersion in water for 24 h was higher (p<0.05) in WS (540.2) compared to SD (270.2), S+W (368.2). The S+W had an intermediate value of the absorption rate between SD and WS, but had an outstanding durability of water absorption capacity. Moisture evaporation rate (%) for 12 h was higher (p<0.05) in WS (75.4) than SD (70.5), S+W (72.2) and RH (57.8). Average ammonia emission ($mg/m^2/h$) for 36 h was higher (p<0.05) in RH (3.15) than SD (1.70), WS (1.63), and S+W (1.73). In Exp. II, thirty six Hanwoo cows were allocated in 9 pens with one side on feed bunk side (Side A) and another side equipped with water supply (Side B) for 3 weeks with duplicated periods. Average moisture concentrations (%) of beddings were higher (p<0.05) in WS (side A, 65.7; side B, 57.9) than SD (side A, 62.5; side B, 52.2) and S+W (side A, 61.6; side B, 50.7). Regardless of types of beddings, moisture concentrations (%) of beddings within a pen were lower (p<0.05) at side B than A, implying longer period of utilization. These results suggest that using S+W would be a better choice than SD or WS alone, considering physicochemical characteristics and economics, and RH is not a suitable material as a bedding for beef cattle.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제37권
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• pp.34.1-34.14
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• 2015

Background: Over the past 30-40 years, various carbon implant materials have become more interesting, because they are well accepted by the biological environment. The traditional carbon-based polymers give rise to many complications. The polymer complication may be eliminated through carbon fibres bound by pyrocarbon (carbon/carbon). The aim of this study is to present the long-term clinical results of carbon/carbon implants, and the results of the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer investigation of an implant retrieved from the human body after 8 years. Methods: Mandibular reconstruction (8-10 years ago) was performed with pure (99.99 %) carbon implants in 16 patients (10 malignant tumours, 4 large cystic lesions and 2 augmentative processes). The long-term effect of the human body on the carbon/carbon implant was investigated by comparing the structure, the surface morphology and the composition of an implant retrieved after 8 years to a sterilized, but not implanted one. Results: Of the 16 patients, the implants had to be removed earlier in 5 patients because of the defect that arose on the oral mucosa above the carbon plates. During the long-term follow-up, plate fracture, loosening of the screws, infection or inflammations around the carbon/carbon implants were not observed. The thickness of the carbon fibres constituting the implants did not change during the 8-year period, the surface of the implant retrieved was covered with a thin surface layer not present on the unimplanted implant. The composition of this layer is identical to the composition of the underlying carbon fibres. Residual soft tissue penetrating the bulk material between the carbon fibre bunches was found on the retrieved implant indicating the importance of the surface morphology in tissue growth and adhering implants. Conclusions: The surface morphology and the structure were not changed after 8 years. The two main components of the implant retrieved from the human body are still carbon and oxygen, but the amount of oxygen is 3-4 times higher than on the surface of the reference implant, which can be attributed to the oxidative effect of the human body, consequently in the integration and biocompatibility of the implant. The clinical conclusion is that if the soft part cover is appropriate, the carbon implants are cosmetically and functionally more suitable than titanium plates.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.363-363
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• 2014

Ruthenium (Ru) has attractive material properties due to its promising characteristics such as a low resistivity ($7.1{\mu}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ in the bulk), a high work function of 4.7 eV, and feasibility for the dry etch process. These properties make Ru films appropriate for various applications in the state-of-art semiconductor device technologies. Thus, it has been widely investigated as an electrode for capacitor in the dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a metal gate for metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), and a seed layer for Cu metallization. Due to the continuous shrinkage of microelectronic devices, better deposition processes for Ru thin films are critically required with excellent step coverages in high aspect ratio (AR) structures. In these respects, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a viable solution for preparing Ru thin films because it enables atomic-scale control of the film thickness with excellent conformality. A recent investigation reported that the nucleation of ALD-Ru film was enhanced considerably by using a zero-valent metallorganic precursor, compared to the utilization of precursors with higher metal valences. In this study, we will present our research results on the synthesis and characterization of novel ruthenium complexes. The ruthenium compounds were easy synthesized by the reaction of ruthenium halide with appropriate organic ligands in protic solvent, and characterized by NMR, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The molecular structures of the complexes were studied by single crystal diffraction. ALD of Ru film was demonstrated using the new Ru metallorganic precursor and O2 as the Ru source and reactant, respectively, at the deposition temperatures of $300-350^{\circ}C$. Self-limited reaction behavior was observed as increasing Ru precursor and O2 pulse time, suggesting that newly developed Ru precursor is applicable for ALD process. Detailed discussions on the chemical and structural properties of Ru thin films as well as its growth behavior using new Ru precursor will be also presented.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.181-187
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• 2014

구형의 아토마이징 제강 환원슬래그(래들로 슬래그)를 폴리머 콘크리트 복합재료의 잔골재 대신 사용하기 위하여 아토마이징 제강 환원슬래그의 대체율과 폴리머 결합재의 첨가율을 다양하게 변화시켜 공시체를 제작하였다. 공시체의제 물성을 조사하기 위하여 흡수시험, 압축 및 휨강도, 내열수성시험, 세공분포측정 및 SEM에 의한 미세조직 관찰을 실시하였다. 그 결과 폴리머 결합재 7.5% 첨가한 공시체는 제강 환원슬래그의 대체율이 증가됨에 따라 압축 및 휨강도가 증가되었으나 폴리머 결합재 8.0% 이상에서는 유동성의 증가로 인한 재료분리 현상으로 특정한 대체율에서 최대값을 나타내었다. 내열수성시험에 의하여 압축강도, 휨강도, 세공의 평균직경 및 밀도는 감소되었으나 총세공량과 공극률은 증가되었다. 아토마이징 제강 환원슬래그를 잔골재 대신 사용함으로써 유동성이 현저히 증가되어 폴리머 결합재의 사용량을 최대 23.5%까지 절감할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 아토마이징 제강 환원슬래그를 사용함으로써 내열수성이 감소되기 때문에 더 많은 연구가 요구된다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.288-289
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• 2011

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is a typical highly Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) currently used as a transparent electrode material. Most widely used deposition method is the sputtering process for ITO film deposition because it has a high deposition rate, allows accurate control of the film thickness and easy deposition process and high electrical/optical properties. However, to apply high quality ITO thin film in a flexible microelectronic device using a plastic substrate, conventional DC magnetron sputtering (DMS) processed ITO thin film is not suitable because it needs a high temperature thermal annealing process to obtain high optical transmittance and low resistivity, while the generally plastic substrates has low glass transition temperatures. In the room temperature sputtering process, the electrical property degradation of ITO thin film is caused by negative oxygen ions effect. This high energy negative oxygen ions(about over 100eV) can be critical physical bombardment damages against the formation of the ITO thin film, and this damage does not recover in the room temperature process that does not offer thermal annealing. Hence new ITO deposition process that can provide the high electrical/optical properties of the ITO film at room temperature is needed. To solve these limitations we develop the Magnetic Field Shielded Sputtering (MFSS) system. The MFSS is based on DMS and it has the plasma limiter, which compose the permanent magnet array (Fig.1). During the ITO thin film deposition in the MFSS process, the electrons in the plasma are trapped by the magnetic field at the plasma limiters. The plasma limiter, which has a negative potential in the MFSS process, prevents to the damage by negative oxygen ions bombardment, and increases the heat(-) up effect by the Ar ions in the bulk plasma. Fig. 2. shows the electrical properties of the MFSS ITO thin film and DMS ITO thin film at room temperature. With the increase of the sputtering pressure, the resistivity of DMS ITO increases. On the other hand, the resistivity of the MFSS ITO slightly increases and becomes lower than that of the DMS ITO at all sputtering pressures. The lowest resistivity of the DMS ITO is $1.0{\times}10-3{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ and that of the MFSS ITO is $4.5{\times}10-4{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$. This resistivity difference is caused by the carrier mobility. The carrier mobility of the MFSS ITO is 40 $cm^2/V{\cdot}s$, which is significantly higher than that of the DMS ITO (10 $cm^2/V{\cdot}s$). The low resistivity and high carrier mobility of the MFSS ITO are due to the magnetic field shielded effect. In addition, although not shown in this paper, the roughness of the MFSS ITO thin film is lower than that of the DMS ITO thin film, and TEM, XRD and XPS analysis of the MFSS ITO show the nano-crystalline structure. As a result, the MFSS process can effectively prevent to the high energy negative oxygen ions bombardment and supply activation energies by accelerating Ar ions in the plasma; therefore, high quality ITO can be deposited at room temperature.