• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.87-94
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• 2011

This study was suggested to develop sustainable durability design system and proposed the plan to evaluate design conditions that meet the intended service life and $LCCO_{2}$ reduction level of reinforced concrete structure easily from the early design stage. For that the W/B and covering depth of the concrete structure were calculated through calculation of service life based on standard specification expression and the quantitative reduction rate of the vertical member of reinforced concrete structure by the calculated W/B was applied. Life cycle of building classified into construction stage, operation stage, maintenance stage, and demolition/disposal stage and the method of $CO_{2}$ evaluation of each stage was proposed. For construction stage, the major construction materials that take up over 80% $CO_{2}$ emitting during building construction were selected and the $CO_{2}$ evaluation method for 5 standard apartment houses was proposed. Also, for operation stage, $CO_{2}$ emission was calculated through calculation of heating load by energy efficiency rating certification system. For maintenance stage, $CO_{2}$ emission was calculated using concept of re-construction by life and for demolition/disposal stage was calculated with the use of construction standard estimate. As a result of the case study by such evaluation methods, 80 years of service life and 17 specifications of sustainable durability design that meet the 40% intended $LCCO_{2}$ reduction level were deduced. The Maximum $LCCO_{2}$ reduction rate was analyzed by 47.2%.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.27-36
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• 2015

Purpose: The definition and factors of passive design being the sustainable method of building plan through the preceding research is deducted and the effect of passive design within the public library by applying the deducted factors in the case of built public libraries and further the realization plan of green library aimed to be reviewed in this research. Method: This study is to induce common elements of architecture plan for public library and passive design, and assess application level of re-classified elements of sustainable public library in order to analyze present condition of passive design applied on facilities of public library. First, related laws and planning standards of public library will be reviewed, then the definition of passive design will be considered using advanced research. Through advanced research related to planing elements and passive design for library induced from various plans for library standards, a common ground of induced passive design element will be transformed into assessment items and practices to be analyzed. Result: Libraries which are and are not preliminarily certified by G-SEED will be compared with each other in order to analyze the effects of passive design on G-SEED. Even though various passive elements such as load reduction of air conditioning and energy efficiency exist, there are no assessment tool within G-SEED. The fact that there are only standards for temporary methods such as utilization of construction material and installation of equipment highlights the challenges in quantitative evaluation.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.11
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• pp.45-56
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• 1997

In the process of modermization the problem of environment destruction has become a worldwide issue. And now this problem is a concern for all branches of science, including that of architectural desigv. This thesis tries to find the meaning of ecological architectural space, one that encreases the organic relationship, and communication, between architectrual space and urban environmental space, between human beings and architecture, and between human beings and their environment. As an example, we will take a look at the architectural space-design of Frei Otto, who offers diverse creative ecological architectural forms. His concept of architecture has the critical character when compared with the traditionan conventional concept of architecture. The ecological characteristics of his architectural spacedesign can be summarized as follows: The first characteristic is his ample use of natural objects in the architectural structure. An ample use of living things like trees and plants as well as of inanimate thing like water, wind as architectural elements enhances the functional efficiency of architecture. The second characteristic is its ecological architectural system, which saves energy faciliates ventilation by changing the position and direction of the building, by systematically applying the materials, and by efficiently arranging the inner space. The third characteristic is the dematerialization of architecture and the use of materials that are economical and appropriate for the circulation system of nature. The use of natural elements and recycling natural objects, makes it possible to reuse materials of the destroyed building. In short, the ecological architecture of Frei Otto, which shows the relation between human beings and architecture, presents diverse possibilities of the archtectural space as a complex natural system, which is more than a simple combination of separatge elements.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.211-228
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• 2013

The structure analyzed in this paper has particular building style and special structural system. It is a rigid-connected twin-tower skyscraper with asymmetrical distribution of stiffness and masses in two towers. Because of the different stiffness between the north and the south towers, the torsion seismic vibration is significant. In this paper, in order to study the seismic response of the structure under both frequent low-intensity earthquakes as well as rare earthquakes at the levels of intensity 7, the analysis model is built and analyzed with NosaCAD. NosaCAD is an nonlinear structure analysis software based on second-development of AutoCAD with ObjectARX. It has convenient modeling function, high computational efficiency and diversity post-processing functions. The deformations, forces and damages of the structure are investigated based on the analysis. According to the analysis, there is no damage on the structure under frequent earthquakes, and the structure has sufficient capacity and ductility to resist rare earthquakes. Therefore the structure can reach the goal of no damage under frequent earthquakes and no collapse under rare earthquakes. The deformation of the structure is below the limit in Chinese code. The time sequence and distribution of damages on tubes are reasonable, which can dissipate some dynamic energy. At last, according to forces, load-carrying capacity and damage of elements, there are some suggestions on increasing the reinforcement in the core tube at base and in stiffened stories.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2013

On July 2004, the brand new CASBEE for construction (Brief version) has completed while trying to highlight and improve major items adequate for each region's characteristics in Japan; at the same time, from the start of NAGOYA CITY (operated since April 2004) to the point of May 2011, it has been mandatory for specified size buildings in 23 regions by law. Evaluation sheet of CASBEE is published on each region's home page and various genre of information on building evaluation which is scheduled to be completed by 2016 and is for 5-6 years of quantity is accumulated until October 2012. It is good study resource to verify how new buildings being evaluated are closely match with CASBEE's original purport (eco-friendly, energy efficiency, publicity etc). Particularly, for Japan's multi-family housing where small sized mid to high level single housing type is majority in city, it is an important point that improved performance on eco-friendly buildings have more value in city rather than suburb. Categorized score through evaluation is a resource to confirm the latest trend of multi-family housing built in congested city; on the other hand, demand of the time can be recognized by the score focused on category. It is meaningful resource to determine the adequacy of evaluated items and the degree of reality.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.985-991
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• 2014

The combined method utilizing airborne LiDAR and GIS data is suggested to extract 3-dimensional hybrid city model including roads and buildings. Combining the two types of data is more efficient to estimate the elevations of various types of roads and buildings than using either LiDAR or GIS data only. This method is particularly useful to model the overlapped roads around the so called spaghetti junction. The preliminary model is constructed from the LiDAR data, which can give wrong information around the overlapped parts. And then, the erratic vertex points are detected by imposing maximum vertical grade allowable on the elevated roads. For the purpose of efficiency, the erratic vertex points are corrected through linear interpolation method. To avoid the erratic treatment of the LiDAR data on the facades of buildings 2 meter inner-buffer zone is proposed to efficiently estimate the height of a building. It is validated by the mean value(=5.26 %) of differences between estimated elevations on 2 m inner buffer zone and randomly observed building elevations.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.135-158
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• 2012

Since the 1990s, discussions regarding green libraries started in the U.S.A, in the name of 'library and the environment', 'Green librarians', 'constructing of environmental sources', 'noise and library', 'building libraries as an environmental alternative' and etc. Currently, green libraries certified by an evaluation system are more than 50. This study proposes a direction to build a green library. The study analyzes national and international green libraries certified by the evaluation system. The cases are analyzed based on the six evaluation factors in the LEED certification system; Sustainable Site, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Material and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, Innovation and Design Process. Since the evaluation system focuses mainly on the architectural aspects, there was a need of expanding the concept of eco-friendly in this research. The newly expanded eco-friendly concept includes services, content, and supplies of libraries.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.377-383
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• 2006

Recently, production and use of Freon substances are restrained due to destruction of ozone layer and grobal warming. In this aspect of environmental problems, the best solution is to use the natural refrigerant such as ammonia. Thus, this study apply the $NH_3$ and R22 to study the performance characteristic from the superheat control and compare the energy efficiency of two refrigerants from the high performance. The condensing pressure of refrigeration system is increased from 1,500 kPa to 1,600 kPa and degree of superheat is increased from 0 to $10^{\circ}C$ at each condensing pressure. As the result of experiment, when comparing the each COP, we knew the $NH_3$ is suitable as the alternative refrigerant of the R22.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.81-92
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• 2018

Recently, the use of natural gas has steadily increased due to its economical advantage and increased demand of clean energy uses. Accordingly, construction of LNG storage tanks is also increased. Secure of the stability of LNG tanks storage requires high technology as natural gas is stored in a liquid state for efficiency of storage. When a cryogenic LNG fluid leaks on ground due to a defect in LNG tank, damage is expected to be significant. Many researchers evaluated the critical and negative effects of LNG leakage, but there is limited research on the effect of cryogenic fluid leakage on the ground supporting LNG tanks. Therefore, in this study, the freezing expansion of the ground during cryogenic LNG fluid leakage was evaluated considering various outflow situations and ground conditions. The LNG leakage scenarios were simulated based on numerical analyses results varying the surcharge load, temperature boundary conditions, and soil types including freeze-sensitive soil. Consequently, short and long term ground temperature variations after LNG leakage were evaluated and the resulting ground behavior including vertical displacement behavior and porosity were analyzed.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.43-48
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• 2015

Purpose: Recently, many countries around the world are actively looking for the ways to make full use of natural energy sources and also develop and apply an environmentally friendly system designed to save building energy consumption. Under these circumstances, this study intended to determine the applicability and energy saving effect by deriving the indoor thermal performance characteristics and the PCM temperature appropriate for a double skin façade to reduce indoor energy consumption through the application of different PCM temperatures to double skin façade and perform a performance evaluation depending on the application or non-application of PCM to a double skin façade. Method: For this study, the physical variables of the double skin façade with PCM were configured through a preliminary examination based on an experimental measurement, and experimental measurements were taken with a total of 7 types of mockup cases: Type-1 (Basic), the basic double skin façade, Type-2 (PCM $18^{\circ}C$) which was applied to the inner skin of the double skin façade depending on the phase-change temperature of PCM, Type-3 (PCM $20^{\circ}C$), Type-4 (PCM $22^{\circ}C$), Type-5 (PCM $24^{\circ}C$), Type-6 (PCM $26^{\circ}C$), and Type-7 (PCM $28^{\circ}C$) with reference to the data analysis of the basic double skin façade which preceded this study, to analyze the indoor thermal performance of the double skin façade depending on PCM temperature and the installation or non-installation of a double skin façade applying PCM based on the selected unit space. Result: Indoor thermal performance was analyzed depending on the PCM temperature applicable to double skin façade, and the analysis of heating energy reduction showed that Type-2 (PCM $18^{\circ}C$) gained 15.9% more heat compared with Type-1 (Basic) and secondly, Type-3 (PCM $20^{\circ}C$) gained 11.5% more heat. Based on these findings, it is deemed possible that the use of energy for heating can be reduced when heat coming indoors increases during the heating period, and the appropriate temperature for PCM applied to the inner skin of a double skin façade to reduce heating energy in winter, Type-2 (PCM $18^{\circ}C$) showed the highest efficiency and Type-3 (PCM $20^{\circ}C$) was also deemed appropriate.