• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.151-161
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• 2016

This study was conducted to find out influence of dormancy level and carbon concentration on freezing hardiness in bourse shoot of 'Fuji' apple tree. Bourse shoot of 'Fuji' adult apple tree grafted on M.26 and M.9 rootstocks were used as experimental materials. Dormancy levels of bourse shoot were categorized according to the periods as follows the internal dormancy (late January), the early days after internal dormancy breaking (early February), the late days after internal dormancy breaking (late February), the bud break (late March), and the full bloom (late April). Chilling temperatures with bourse shoot were ranged from 0 to $-40^{\circ}C$. Also, the freezing hardiness according to carbon concentrations were investigated on 'Fuji'/M.9 apple tree that defoliated severely by Marssonina blotch (defoliation) and that of below the average 20 cm in shoot length through heavy crop load (weakness). Results showed that freezing hardiness of bourse shoot may become weaker after internal dormancy breaking. There was no differences in the carbon concentration of bourse shoot of 'Fuji' apple tree grafted on M.9 and M.26, so may be resulted in no difference in freezing hardiness both of bourse shoot grafted on M.9 and M.26 rootstock. Carbon concentration in bourse shoots with weakness and C/N ratio in bourse shoots with defoliation were lower than that of healthy. It may be shown that the freezing hardiness of defoliation and weakness were weaker than that of healthy.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2008

In order to micropropagate uniform plantlets of Philodendron cannifolium in vitro, the shoot tips were cultured on MS media supplemented with $0.5{\sim}10.0$ mg/L BA or $0.05{\sim}0.1$ mg/L thidiazuron(TDZ). The adventitious multi-bud clusters from basal part of shoots were formed on MS media containing $2.0{\sim}5.0$ mg/L BA or $0.05{\sim}0.1$ mg/L TDZ. But the shoots grown on MS media with TDZ showed necrosis by the lack of chlorophyll. The adventitious multi-bus clusters were cut into $5{\sim}7$ mm sections and cultured on MS media containing BA and TDZ for shoot proliferation. Shoots were proliferated vigorously on MS medium supplemented with $1.0{\sim}3.0$ mg/L BA with up to 30 shoots. But abnormally swollen hard calli were formed from basal parts of shoots on MS media with TDZ and high concentration of BA(10.0 mg/L). The proliferated shoots on same media also showed necrosis by the lack of chlorophyll. The shoot growth and rooting were favorable on MS media containing $0.5{\sim}2.0$ mg/L IBA. The rooted plantlets were acclimatizated effectively in soil mixed with perlite 1:vermiculite 1 or vermiculite alone. Fifteen mL of liquid medium containing 10 g/L activated charcoal and 30 g/L sucrose were added in same vessels after small shoots were proliferated to stimulate shoot growth and rooting. After 8 weeks in culture, the shoots were dipped into high concentration of IBA solution. and planted in soil mexed with perlite 1:vermiculite 1. The shoot growth and rooting were favorable in dipping treatments of $500{\sim}2,000$ ppm IBA solutions for 10 sec.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1996

To improve the efficiency of mass propagation in vitro of Fritillaria thunbergii, bulb scale and nodes were cultured in LS medium supplemented with the combination of 2, 4-D and kinetin or NAA and BA. The number and size of bulb, the number of adventitious shoot, the ratio of callus formation, rooting, and the effects of light and dark on the culture, plant regeneration from calli, and the gelling substances were investigated. The combination of 2, 4-D and kinetin in media was more effective than the media of NAA and BA for the bulblet formation. The media supplemented with 2 mg/L 2, 4-D and 1 mg/L kinetin, $1{\sim}2\;mg/L$ 2, 4-D without kinetin and $1{\sim}3\;mg/L$ BAA only were effective in the adventitious shoot development. Callus formation and root formation, respectively were effective in the medium supplemented with 2mg/L 2, 4-D and 1mg/L kinetin. In bulb formation, the medium with 5 mg/L kinetin was effective, and the most of bulbs were formed from the axillary bud of node part. In bulb formation, shoot growth, callus and root formation, the light culture for 16 hours per day was better than that in the dark culture. Bulb was nicely formed in the medium with 0. 2 mg/L 2, 4-D, 1 mg/L kinetin. The medium without hormone was most effective for plant regeneration. The phytagel was more effective than agar in the medium as the gelling agent.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.231-235
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• 1996

The experiment was conducted to determine pollen morphology of Chinese peony and its germination. The results were obtained as following ; Pollen shpae was usually large ellipse and the pol­len germination rate of Eui-seong Peony line was 71% which was lower than that of other Peony lines. In a bud, the pollen began to be observed on $7{\sim}9days$ before flowering and as getting on for flowering time, normal pollen and germination rates were higher. The pollen germination and elongation beganat 30 minutes after incubation on artificial medium and were completed after $2{\sim}3\;hours$. As the storage time went on, the pollen life span was shortened. The germination rate was 51% at 8 days-storage of room temperature. The germination rate was 48% ad 43% at 95 day-storage in $0^{\circ}C$ and $-15^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.246-251
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• 2010

Impactions can occur because of malpositioning of the tooth bud or obstruction in the path of eruption. However, the exact mechanism is still unknown. The impaction of mandibular first molar is rare with prevalence rates of 0.01~0.25%, but it is important to deimpact the tooth as soon as possible to avoid complications such as dental caries, root resorption, and periodontal problems on the adjacent teeth. Several biomechanical strategies have been proposed for uprighting mesially tipped mandibular first molars. However, most of these have had problems with movement of the anchorage unit because of the reciprocal force. The recent development of skeletal anchorage system(SAS) allows direct application of precise force systems to the target tooth or segment, producing efficient tooth movement in a short time. In this case, an impacted mandibular left first molar with dilacerated roots was treated with a miniplate, which provided skeletal anchorage to upright the tooth. The miniplate was installed in the mandibular ramus, and 10 months after the application of orthodontic force, the impacted tooth was exposed in the oral cavity and uprighted. At this point, the mandibular left first molar was included in the orthodontic appliance with fixed mechanotherapy, the tooth could achieve a normal occlusion. Therefore, the use of SAS simplified the orthodontic procedures and reduced the orthodontic treatment period, and had few side effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1336-1341
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the effects of rice added with mulberry leaves and fruit on blood glucose, body fat and serum lipid levels in Sprague-Dawley male rats for 4 weeks. Mulberry rice diet was prepared with mixture of 50% of purified AIN-diet and 50% of formulated rice consisting of soybean, barley, polished rice, black rice, uncleaned rice bud, mulberry leaves and fruit. The experimental animals were fed the mulberry rice diet (group A) and the purified AIN-diet (group B, diabetic control) for 4 weeks in rats injected with streptozotocin. In terms of observing hypolipidemic effect of mulberry rice, rats were fed either high-fat diet (13% fat) with additional lard, corn oil, cholesterol to AIN-diet (group C, control) or mulberry rice diet mixed with high fat diet (group D) for 4 weeks. Blood glucose level at the 4th week of group A had increased 5 mg/dL compared with that of day 0, while group B increased 51 mg/dL. However, the glucose levels of the groups A and B at the final day were 156 mg/dL (12.4% decrease compared with B) and 178 mg/dL, respectively. As for hypolipidemic effect, weight gain and body fat were 8% lower in the group D and serum triglyceride level also 19% lower in the group D compared with those of group C (p<0.05).

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.247-260
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• 2007

Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid pathway, which synthesizes numerous secondary metabolites to participate in development and adaption. Two C4H isoforms, the 2192-bp BnC4H-1 and 2108-bp BnC4H-2, were cloned from oilseed rape (Brassica napus). They both have two introns and a 1518-bp open reading frame encoding a 505-amino-acid polypeptide. BnC4H-1 is 57.73 kDa with an isoelectric point of 9.11, while 57.75 kDa and 9.13 for BnC4H-2. They share only 80.6% identities on nucleotide level but 96.6% identities and 98.4% positives on protein level. Showing highest homologies to Arabidopsis thaliana C4H, they possess a conserved p450 domain and all P450-featured motifs, and are identical to typical C4Hs at substrate-recognition sites and active site residues. They are most probably associated with endoplasmic reticulum by one or both of the N- and C-terminal transmembrane helices. Phosphorylation may be a necessary post-translational modification. Their secondary structures are dominated by alpha helices and random coils. Most helices locate in the central region, while extended strands mainly distribute before and after this region. Southern blot indicated about 9 or more C4H paralogs in B. napus. In hypocotyl, cotyledon, stem, flower, bud, young- and middle-stage seed, they are co-dominantly expressed. In root and old seed, BnC4H-2 is dominant over BnC4H-1, with a reverse trend in leaf and pericarp. Paralogous C4H numbers in Brassicaceae genomes and possible roles of conserved motifs in 5' UTR and the 2nd intron are discussed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.spc1
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• pp.242-246
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• 2006

This study was showed into the pollen development with in vivo by bud size and genotype. Microspores of buds from 2.0 mm to 2.5 mm of all genotypes were composed of mainly tetrad cells and early uninucleate stage cells. Microspores derived from buds of 2.5-3.0 mm were exposed cells of early uninucleate, middle uninucleate, and late uninucleate. Microspores from buds of 3.0-3.5 mm contained mostly late uninucleate stage cells and showed some early binucleate stage cells. Microspores of buds with 3.5-4.0 mm in length were composed of mainly binucleate stage cells and decreased late uninucleate stage cells. Microspore with more than 4.0 mm were entered into binucleate stage cells of divided generative nucleus and vegetative nucleus. In 'Tamlayuchae', microspores derived from buds of 3.5-4.0 mm were observed cells of late uninucleate stage and early binucleate stage because of late microspore development. In MS-maintainer, the spring type, microspore derived from buds of 2.5-3.0 mm were observed tetrad stage cells.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.spc1
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• pp.233-236
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate somatic embryogenesis capacity using callus derived from bud meristems in sweetpotato. Shoot apical meristem explants $(height:150{\mu}m;base:\;350{\mu}m)$were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2/4-D. Embryogenic callus were observed in five cultivars when their shoot apices were cultured on MS medium supplements with 1 mg/L 2,4-D. After 6 weeks of culture, greater than 80% of the survived explants produced embryogenic calli and the calli gave rise to somatic embryos at frequencies of 72% (Yulmi), 60% (Shinhwangmi), 78% (Geonmi), 70% (KoKei 14), 40% (Sinjami). The regenerated plants developed into whole plantlets after they were transferred onto the fresh hormon-free MS medium of 74% (Yulmi), 82% (Shinhwangmi), 86% (Geonmi), 74% (Kokei 14), 41% (Sinjami) respectively.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.329-332
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of grafting timing, rootstock cut timing and leaf removal with promalin ($GA_{4+7}+BA$) treatments on the maiden tree growth, lateral development and flower bud initiation. In mid-March 1997, two-year-old M.9-T337 rootstocks selected with trunk diameter over 1 cm were planted in the field. Chip budding with 'Fuji' scion on M.9-T337 rootstock budded in mid-April was earlier in sprouting than chip budding in mid-June. Late cutting chip budding (LCCB) with 'Fuji' scion on M.9-T337 rootstock was lower in the failed budding percentage with 14% than that of early cutting chip budding (ECCB). Especially, ECCB in April was not suitable for scion growth such as uniformity with high percentage of failed tree. Grafting timing in mid-June and rootstock cutting timing of LCCB induced more branches and flower buds than other treatments. Removal of 8 to 10 uppermost immature leaves on central leader stem and application of Promalin 250 mg/L after every 30 cm of terminal growth produced a 189 cm tall tree with 9 flower buds and 14.2 short lateral shoot from 30 to 35 cm long in length in 1998. Promalin increased branching on second-season growth and, when combined with leaf removal, resulted in uniform distribution of branches along the central leader stem.