• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2008

The college students selected by random sampling were classified into several groups by their cosmetic impulse buying pattern and the internal characteristics that cause them. Their shopping orientation, life styles, makeup self-confidence, makeup interest and self-image were the subjects of comparative analysis. The results of this research can be summarized as follows.; fashion leader was classified fashion dual leader, fashion opinion leader, fashion innovator and fashion follower. The fashion dual leader and fashion innovator were more impulse buying orientated. The fashion dual leader and fashion innovator were highly evaluated in intellectual self faithfulness and life decoration preference style. The fashion dual leader and fashion innovator attached great importance to leisure pursuit and name brand preferring shopping. They showed the tendencies to the makeup self-confidence and makeup interest. But the fashion follower showed quite different tendencies. The fashion dual leader and fashion innovator perceived themselves as varied life style. These internal characteristics were supposed to contribute to their impulse buying.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.161-173
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• 2005

The Main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between shopping orientations and Knit wear Buying Behavior of female college students in the U.S. age 18 to 33. The questionnaires for this survey were developed to measure knitwear purchasing behavior, including sources of information about knitwear, evaluative criteria of knit wear product, attributes f store preference for knitwear, and shopping orientation. The questionnaire was administered to 119 female college students in the University of California. The data was analyzed by percentage, frequency, mean, factor analysis, Cluster Analysis and ANOVA, Duncan Multiple Range test. The female college students were classified into five subdivisions by cluster analysis; cautious shopping group, recreational shopping group, self-confident shopping group, shopping indifferent group, price conscious shopping group. In the case of fashion information sources of knit wear, significant differences were found according to shopping orientation subdivision in observation of others' and famous people's clothing, fashion shows, fashion articles in magazines, newspapers, and on the Internet, and shop displays. The evaluation criteria of knit wear product were significantly different depending on shopping orientation subdivision in fashionable, brand and store name, appropriate for different occasion, prestige. The store attributes of knitwear were significantly different depending on shopping orientation subdivision in product knowledge of sales personnel, store atmosphere, display of merchandise, layaway payment plan, price level, ease of parking and access, and new fashion.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.124-137
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• 2008

The present study was implemented to understand high school girls' buying patterns of fashion products at online and offline shopping malls; and to obtain the information needed for the development of online and offline mall marketing strategies that are differentiated from each other. The study was conducted through a descriptive survey method using questionnaires. The sample consisted of 242 girls from four high schools located in Seoul. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation and a paired t-test were used for the analysis of the data. Results are as follows: First, most of the high school girls (82.2%) had experience of purchasing fashion products at online shopping malls. And, those who have purchasing experience at online shopping malls, compared to those who do not have such purchasing experience, showed a higher purchasing intension at online shopping malls. Second, both the degree of pre-purchase searching and ongoing searching was higher in online shopping than in offline shopping. Third, the quality of material, place produced, brand name, and store atmosphere/type were considered more in offline shopping than in online shopping. Shopping convenience and information service about the products were considered more in online shopping than in offline shopping. Fourth, the purchasing frequency of underwear and hair accessaries was higher at offline stores than online shopping malls, but the purchasing frequency of bags was higher in online stores than offline stores. When the differences between the purchasing patterns at online shopping malls and offline stores are considered carefully, marketing activities would be more effective.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.547-558
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were to classify shopper types based on clothing shopping orientations and to identify the differences in store selection criteria and demographic characteristics by shopper types. The questionnaire was administered to female and male undergraduate and graduate students living in Seoul. Of 330 returned questionnaires, 319 were used in the statistical analysis which were factor analysis, cluster analysis, $\chi$$^2$-test, and One-way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1) Clothing shopping orientations had six factors: recreational shopping, name conscious shopping, economic shopping, fashion oriented shopping, convenience shopping. and individualistic shopping. Cluster analysis identified that clothing shopping orientations had four groups: recreational cluster, individualistic cluster, demanding shopper cluster, and convenient brand conscious shopper cluster. 2) Clothing shopping orientations were significantly different in relation to the demographic characteristics such as gender, major field of study, expenditure on clothing, pocket money, and family income level. 3) Store selection criteria had five factors: service quality, physical store environment, sales personnel, shopping convenience, and other attractions. 4) There were significant differences in physical store environment, shopping convenience, and other attractions according to the shopper clusters.

• 한국디지털정책학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.323-335
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• 2005

Globalization of economy brings both opportunities and threats especially for companies in developing countries such as Korea. Globalization is an opportunity because it may expand the size of market for the company where globalization brings a threat for developing global competitiveness. If the company has already built competitive advantage in its business domain, the company can easily transfer market growth to profit improvement. However, if the company has not developed competitive advantage, globalization of economy will give a serious threat for the survivor of the company. The company might lose its own domestic market share. For the less famous brand of product or company name, international expansion is a challenging strategy. The study evaluated organizational performance of companies that try international expansion by utilizing Miles and Snow's strategy typology. We clustered organizations based on their strategy typology (prospector, analyzer, defender, and reactor) in view of the level of product diversification, new product development instances, level of localization, and autonomy of foreign subsidiary. With the strategy typology, we evaluated international strategy in view of product competitiveness, marketing strategy, human resource strategy, and organizational strategy. The regression result demonstrates that the performance of the company is significantly higher when the company employs prospector strategy. We also found out that product quality and emphasis for developed countries in international expansion are the most important factors for success.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 1998

The purpose of this study were to compare the wearing and purchase practice of underwear items, and the attitudes toward underwear in middle school girls with those of their mothers in Chongju city. The questionnaires were to measure the demographic information, wearing and purchase practice of underwear items, and attitudes toward underwear. As statistical analysis, frequencies, $X^2-test$, and t-test were used. The results were as follows: 1. There were partially significant difference beween middle school girls and thier mothers of wearing and purchase practice of underwear. 2. The most important factor was size when they purchase their underwear. As the next important factor, middle school girls considered design, while their mother considered functional properties. 3. Middle school girls were more interested in the design aspect or brand name of underwear and less concerned about functional or practical aspects than their mothers in the attitudes toward underwear.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.326-336
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to survey the wearing and purchasing situation related to brassieres between Korean and Chinese women and to analyze the differences among them. This study utilized a survey targeting 397 women in their 20's in Korea and China. The results were as follows: First, Korean women considered that their breasts are conical in shape, whereas Chinese women considered their breasts to have a flat shape. With regard to breast size, those of Chinese women are larger than those of Korean women. Moreover, Chinese women expressed a high rate of dissatisfaction with their breasts. Second, regarding the wearing condition of brassieres, while Korean women expected their brassiere to converge their breasts to the center, Chinese women expected their brassiere to support the breasts. It was found that many of them were dissatisfied with the shoulder straps and the center front wire. Third, in the results pertaining to the purchasing brassieres, although both Korean and Chinese Women mainly visited brand name stores to buy brassieres, compared with Chinese women, Korean women prefer to shop at home to buy the brassieres. In addition, they considered the compensation effect, size, activity, fabric and fit as the most important selection criteria when purchasing a brassiere.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.95-107
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• 2002

This study examined which factors were related to the amount of consumer information and the level of consumer satisfaction in electronic commerce. The sample (n＝ 426) was composed of those who had already engaged in e-commerce. T-test and ANOVA were completed to investigate how the amount of information and the level of satisfaction differ by socioeconomic, internet-related, and purchase-related characteristics of the consumers. The results of this study were as follows: First, consumers who were female and college graduates were more likely to search lots of information in e-commerce. The amount of consumer information was positively related to both the years of internet experiences and the time used on internet per day. Second, consumers who were male, aged on 30s, and who were college graduates with higher incomes were more likely to gather information about product functions, while consumers who were female with less experiences of internet shopping were more likely to consider the brand name. Third, income and education level were positively associated with the level of consumer satisfaction in e-commerce. Those who have experienced lots of purchase in e-commerce were generally satisfied with the shopping in e-commerce. Fourth, the amount of consumer information was positively related to the level of consumer satisfaction, especially satisfaction regarding product qualify and the convenience of shopping in e-commerce.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.487-501
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• 1997

Prepurchase decision making process was investigated for the female high school students grouped by fashion leadership. Differences in the fashion leadership were also investigated among the groups determined by demographic characteristics. Data were obtained from 600 female students attending at 4 different high schools in Seoul by self-administered questionnaires, and 430 were used for the data analysis. Respondents were divided into 5 groups by fashion leadership: innovators(6.3%), early adopters(29.8%) , early majority(43.7%) , late majority(16.9%) , laggards(3.3%) , The groups with higher monthly allowances and monthly clothing expenditures showed higher fashion leadership. At the problem recognition stage, students with higher fashion leadership felt buying needs more often than those with lower fashion leadership. At the information search stage, students with higher fashion leadership tended to use higher number of information sources and mass media, visited stores more often, spent more time and collected new information more often, and tended to show higher satisfaction levels with searched information than students with lower fashion leadership. Leaders tended to search information at bonded goods stores and small shops in the area, and laggards prefered to visit small stores in the market. At the alternative evaluation stage, students with higher fashion leadership reported to use higher number of evaluative criteria and consider brand name, acknowledgment of others, becomingness with wardrobe as important criteria for evaluating apparel products; those with lower fashion leadership thought utility, comfort, size, sewing quality an6 fit as key criteria.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.260-267
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• 2021

Nowadays kimchi is exported to 80 countries and can be easily found overseas, but the name "Korean Kimchi" has not been protected internationally. Korean kimchi need to be registered as a geographical indication and receive international protection in order to establish its status as the country of origin. With the revision of the Kimchi Industry Promotion Act in 2020, geographical indications were introduced for kimchi and a legal basis was in place to enable the geographical indication as "Korean Kimchi" or "Republic of Korea Kimchi." Although there are issues remaining between the current system and producers' associations, we should prioritize the geographical indication as a means of protecting the country's agricultural products. In addition, efforts should be made to improve the quality and product value of Korean kimchi so that it is also recognized as a global brand.