• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.101-110
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• 1969

The isozyme alteration of lactic dehydrogenase in the tissues of albino rat inhaled SO$_{2}$ were studied in vivo and in vitro, with the following results: (1) The H-type of LDH activity relatively dominated in the normal brain, heart and kidney tissues of rat, M-type in the normal lung, liver, and muscle tissues of the animal. (2) When rats inhale SO$_{2}$ in the concentration of 250 ppm, it appears that the M-type tends to predominate in the anaerobic tissues such as liver, kidney and muscle tissues and the H-type in the aerobic tissues such as brain and heart tissues. (3) When 5% SO$_{2}$ is introduced into tissue homogenates, LDH activities in the heart, lung, liver and muscle tissues are increased more than that of introducing room-air only. With sam treatment, LDH activity is decreased in the kidney tissue and no alteration is observed in the brain tissue. (4) Although, after the aeration of SO$_{2}$, the oxygen tension seems to bring decreases in the level of LDH activity in the anerobic tissues such as liver and muscle tissues, while, on the other hand, increases in the level of the activity in the aerobic tissues, such as the brain, heart and lung tissues. (5) Accordinglly, SO$_{2}$ affects LDH activities, its isozyme pattern of each organs, and their metabolic pathway by its absorption of the gas.

• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.154-158
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• 2003

Collagen is a family of proteins which consists of several genetically distinct molecular species and is intimately involved in tissue organization, function, differentiation and development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration of different hydroxyproline (Hyp) fractions viz., total, free, peptide-bound, protein-bound, soluble- and insoluble-collagen hydroxyproline (Hyp) in various bovine tissues. Results showed that liver had the highest concentration of free Hyp followed by kidney, brain, spleen, lungs, muscle and heart. Liver also had the highest concentration of peptide-bound collagen Hyp followed by kidney, heart, spleen, lungs, brain and muscle. The concentration of protein-bound collagen Hyp was highest in the liver, followed by kidney, spleen, lungs, muscle, brain and heart. Total Hyp was highest in the liver, followed by kidney, spleen, brain, heart, muscle and lungs. Liver also had significantly high concentration of collagen as compared to other tissues examined (P<0.001). Spleen had the significantly higher concentration of soluble-collagen Hyp when compared to other tissues (P<0.001). This was followed by heart, muscle, lungs, brain, kidney and liver. Heart had the highest concentration of insoluble-collagen Hyp followed by lungs, kidney, liver, muscle, spleen and brain. The variation among the insoluble-collagen Hyp concentration of heart and muscle, spleen and brain was significant (P<0.001). We speculate that these differences could be due to the variation in turn over of rate of collagen metabolism in this species.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2007

The measurement of pathologically low levels of tissue $pO_2$ is an important diagnostic goal for determining the prognosis of many clinically important diseases including cardiovascular insufficiency, stroke and cancer. The target tissues nowaday have mostly been tumors or the myocardium, with less attention centered on the brain. Radiolabelled nitroimidazole or derivatives may be useful in identifying the hypoxic cells in cerebrovascular disease or traumatic brain injury, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. In acute stroke, the target of therapy is the severely hypoxic but salvageable tissue. $^{18}F-MISO$ PET and $^{99}mTc-EC-metronidazole$ SPECT in patients with acute ischemic stroke identified hypoxic tissues and ischemic penumbra, and predicted its outcome. A study using $^{123}I-IAZA$ in patient with closed head injury detected the hypoxic tissues after head injury. Up till now these radiopharmaceuticals have drawbacks due to its relatively low concentration with hypoxic tissues associated with/without low blood-brain barrier permeability and the necessity to wait a long time to achieve acceptable target to background ratios for imaging in acute ischemic stroke. It is needed to develop new hypoxic marker exhibiting more rapid localization in the hypoxic region in the brain. And then, the hypoxic brain imaging with imidazoles or non-imidazoles may be very useful in detecting the hypoxic tissues, determining therapeutic strategies and developing therapeutic drugs in several neurological disease, especially, in acute ischemic stroke.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2009

HSP70 has widely been induced in in vivo hyperthermia conditions in various organisms to study gene regulation and recently neuroprotectve roles of the induced gene expression under varying conditions. We investigated different responses among various tissues in zebrafish under heat shock to evaluate whether spatial and temporal expression pattern of zebrafish (z) hsp70 in transcriptional and translational level under heat shock stress in different brain regions. Heat shock groups were given for 1 h at $37^{\circ}C$ after recovery by transferring the treated animals back to $28^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2 and 24 h for recovery, respectively. Control (CTRL) group was kept at $28^{\circ}C$. At the end of treatments, five animals were collected and used for isolation of total RNAs and peptides from the corresponding tissues. Expression of zhsp70 mRNA showed different patterns in recovery periods in the tissues including the brain, eye, intestines, muscles, heart and testis by RT-PCR. Unlike the RT-PCR analysis, Northern blot analysis demonstrated nearly 30-fold increase in zhsp70 at 1 h heat shock, suggesting that RT-PCR may not be appropriate in unmasking regulation of the time-dependent zhsp70 expression. In the experiment involving different brain regions, the cerebellum showed gradual activation at 1 h to R1h and decreases in R2h and R24h, while the medulla oblongata and optic tectum showed gradual increase at R1h and decrease at R24h, indicating that different brain tissues respond specifically to heat shock in inducing zhsp70 and recovering from the heat shock status. Western blot analysis also demonstrated that the intracellular levels of zHSP70 in three different brain regions including the cerebellum, medulla oblongata and optic tectum are differently induced and recovered to normal state. These results clearly demonstrate that different regions of the body and the brain tissues are responding differently to heat shock in the aspects of its level of expression and speed of recovery.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.7-12
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• 1961

The present work deals with the patterns of the free amino acids in several tissues of Gallula tornieri VOGT analysed by means of paper chromatography and ion-exchange resins. The tissues used were heart, stomach , muscle, brain , testis , skin , and liver. 14 amino acid was detected in heart, 11 in muscle , 15 in stomach , 9 , in brain , 10 in skin in liver , and 10 in testis. It was found that there were distinguishable differences in the patterns of the free amino acids among the different tissues.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2015

The mechanical properties of living tissues have been major subjects of interest in biomechanics. In particular, the characteristics of very soft materials such as the brain have not been fully understood because experiments are often severely limited by ethical guidelines. There are increasing demands for studies on remote medical operations using robots. We conducted compression tests on brain-like specimens made of gelatin to find substitutes with the mechanical properties of brain tissues. Using a finite element analysis, we compared our experimental data with existing data on the brain in order to establish material models for brain tissues. We found that our substitute models for brain tissues effectively simulated their mechanical behaviors.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.266-272
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• 1987

It is reasonably well known that there is a relationship between myelin formation and methylation of myelin basic protein in nerve cells. One of the suggestions is that arginine methylation of myelin basic protein could be of aid in the conjugation of myelin protein with the nonpolar lipid to form myelin. Abnormality in methylation of myclin basic protein might induce the neurological diseases in experimental animals as well as in human being. In the biological system, the methylation reaction is catalyzed by protein methaylse I using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as methyl donor. In this study, we examined the changes of S-adenosyl-L-methionine concentration and protein methylase I activity in developing rat brain tissues. The results are sumraerized as followings: (1) In brain tissues of fetus rat, the concentration of S-adenosyl-L-methionine was gradually decreased until to birth. However, the concentration in brain tissues of infant rat was suddenly increased at 7th day(just before myelination occur) birth. (2) Protein methylase I activity was decreased until to birth in brain of fetus rat and increased temporally just after birth, However, the enzyme activity showed no changes around 7th day after birth.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.10
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• pp.446-450
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• 2013

Purpose: This study evaluated the extent of damage due to hypothermia in the mature and immature brain. Methods: Hippocampal tissue cultures at 7 and 14 days in vitro (DIV) were used to represent the immature and mature brain, respectively. The cultures were exposed at $25^{\circ}C$ for 0, 10, 30, and 60 minutes (n=30 in each subgroup). Propidium iodide fluorescent images were captured 24 and 48 hours after hypothermic injury. Damaged areas of the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) were measured using image analysis. Results: At 7 DIV, the tissues exposed to cold injury for 60 minutes showed increased damage in CA1 (P<0.001) and CA3 (P=0.005) compared to the control group at 48 hours. Increased damage to DG was observed at 24 (P=0.008) and 48 hours (P=0.011). The 14 DIV tissues did not demonstrate any significant differences compared with the control group, except for the tissues exposed for 30 minutes in which DG showed less damage at 48 hours than the control group (P=0.048). In tissues at 7 DIV, CA1 (P=0.040) and DG (P=0.013) showed differences in the duration of cold exposure. Conclusion: The immature brain is more vulnerable to hypothermic injury than the mature brain.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.549-554
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• 1998

Tissue factor (TF), a principal initiator of the veertebrate coagulation cascade, is expressed in organ tissues, cells and blood. TF is konwn to be induced in endothelial cells, monocytes and macrophages by inflammatory stimuli and in many pathologic conditions. By using the modified method for in vido TF activity assay, we found that turpentine oil injection as an inflamatory stimulus also induced the TF activity in lung and brain tissues of rats. And the age-related increase in Tf activity was observed in healthy rat brain tissue.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.612-622
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• 2012

Olfactory receptors (ORs) detect volatile chemicals that lead to the initial perception of smell in the brain. The olfactory receptor (OR) is the first protein that recognizes odorants in the olfactory signal pathway and it is present in over 1,000 genes in mice. It is also the largest member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Most ORs are extensively expressed in the nasal olfactory epithelium where they perform the appropriate physiological functions that fit their location. However, recent whole-genome sequencing shows that ORs have been found outside of the olfactory system, suggesting that ORs may play an important role in the ectopic expression of non-chemosensory tissues. The ectopic expressions of ORs and their physiological functions have attracted more attention recently since MOR23 and testicular hOR17-4 have been found to be involved in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and human sperm chemotaxis, respectively. When identifying additional expression profiles and functions of ORs in non-olfactory tissues, there are limitations posed by the small number of antibodies available for similar OR genes. This review presents the results of a research series that identifies ectopic expressions and functions of ORs in non-chemosensory tissues to provide insight into future research directions.