• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2020

The present study was aimed to explore the neuroprotective role of imatinib in global ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury along with possible mechanisms. Global ischemia was induced in mice by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 20 min, which was followed by reperfusion for 24 h by restoring the blood flow to the brain. The extent of cerebral injury was assessed after 24 h of global ischemia by measuring the locomotor activity (actophotometer test), motor coordination (inclined beam walking test), neurological severity score, learning and memory (object recognition test) and cerebral infarction (triphenyl tetrazolium chloride stain). Ischemia-reperfusion injury produced significant cerebral infarction, impaired the behavioral parameters and decreased the expression of connexin 43 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) in the brain. A single dose administration of imatinib (20 and 40 mg/kg) attenuated ischemia-reperfusion-induced behavioral deficits and the extent of cerebral infarction along with the restoration of connexin 43 and p-STAT3 levels. However, administration of AG490, a selective Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2)/STAT3 inhibitor, abolished the neuroprotective actions of imatinib and decreased the expression of connexin 43 and p-STAT3. It is concluded that imatinib has the potential of attenuating global ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury, which may be possibly attributed to activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway along with the increase in the expression of connexin 43.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.445-455
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• 2000

목적: TBI 환자의 SPECT상 혈류장애를 보이는 부위의 분포를 조사하였으며 대뇌피질과 동반된 시상의 혈류변화를 관찰하여 환자의 인지 및 행동 장애 정도를 예측 할 수 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: TBI 후 $0.5{\sim}55$개월까지(평균 10.3개월) 뇌손상 평가를 위해 MRI영상과 Tc-99m ECD SPECT를 시행한 103명의 환자를 대상으로 하였고 남자 81명과 여자 22명이었으며, 평균연령은 $34.7{\pm}15.4$세였다. 대상환자들은 MRI영상에서 정상, 국소손상 또는 미만성 손상여부에 따라 3군으로 나누었다. 신경심리학적 검사는 정신과 의사에 의한 행동 및 성격변화의 관찰과 임상심리사에 의한 인지기능검사에 의해 총 11개의 항목이 평가되었다. SPECT에서 혈류감소를 보이는 대뇌피질의 분포를 비교하였으며 대뇌피질과 시상의 혈류감소를 같이 보인 경우와 시상의 혈류가 정상인 경우로 나누어 인지 및 행동 장애정도와 관계가 있는지 Mann-whitney의 U검정을 이용하여 유의성을 알아보았다 결과: 혈류감소를 보인 병변의 분포는 전두엽(1군 42.3%, 2군 34.5%, 3군 33.3%), 측두엽($24{\sim}26%$), 시상($21{\sim}22.4%$), 두정엽과 후두엽(10%이하)순이었다. 또한 대뇌피질과 시상의 혈류감소가 같이 있었던 경우와 시상이 정상 혈류를 보였던 경우 신경정신과적 증상을 보인 항목 수와 비교한 결과 1군에서는 전자와 후자의 경우 각각 $4.7{\pm}1.5$개와 $3.2{\pm}1.4$개였으며, 2군에서 $5.0{\pm}1.1$개와 $4.8{\pm}1.2$개, 3군에서는 $6.8{\pm}1.8$개와 $6.3{\pm}1.1$개로 MRI에서 손상의 정도가 많을수록 신경정신과적 후유증은 많았으나 SPECT에서 시상의 혈류감소 유무에 따른 증상의 심각성과 관계는 1군에서만 유의하였다(p=0.002). 결론: TBI 후 기질적 정신장애를 갖는 환자의 뇌혈류 SPECT에서 혈류감소를 보이는 병변은 주로 전두엽, 측두엽, 시상순으로 많았고 특히 전두엽은 MRI에서 정상을 보인 군에서 더욱 많은 비율을 차지하였다. MRI에서 정상일 때 SPECT에서 대뇌피질과 시상의 혈류감소가 같이 동반된 경우 시상이 정상혈류를 보인 경우보다 인지 및 행동장애의 심각성과 유의한 관계를 보였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2022

Stiripentol is an anti-epileptic drug for the treating of refractory status epilepticus. It has been reported that stiripentol can attenuate seizure severity and reduce seizure-induced neuronal damage in animal models of epilepsy. The objective of the present study was to investigate effects of post-treatment with stiripentol on cognitive deficit and neuronal damage in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus proper following transient ischemia in the forebrain of gerbils. To evaluate ischemia-induced cognitive impairments, passive avoidance test and 8-arm radial maze test were performed. It was found that post-treatment with stiripentol at 20 mg/kg, but not 10 or 15 mg/kg, reduced ischemia-induced memory impairment. Transient ischemia-induced neuronal death in the CA1 region was also significantly attenuated only by 20 mg/kg stiripentol treatment after transient ischemia. In addition, 20 mg/kg stiripentol treatment significantly decreased ischemia-induced astrocyte damage and immunoglobulin G leakage. In brief, stiripentol treatment after transient ischemia ameliorated transient ischemia-induced cognitive impairment in gerbils, showing that pyramidal neurons were protected and astrocyte damage and blood brain barrier leakage were significantly attenuated in the hippocampus. Results of this study suggest stiripentol can be developed as a candidate of therapeutic drug for ischemic stroke.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.370-374
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• 2005

Objective: We investigated the morphologic changes within 24 hours after a single ${\gamma}$-irradiation in the rat brain. Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were used. After a burr hole trephination on right parietal area, cerebral hemisphere was irradiated with 2Gy and 5Gy using iridium-192($^{192}Ir$), respectively. The effect was assessed at 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after irradiation. The histological changes were scored following the detection of edema or disarray severity. TUNEL-positive cells exhibiting apoptotic morphology were counted in irradiated region. Results: Cortical edema and disarray were initially showed at 4 or 8 hour and almost all defined at 24 hour after irradiation. And the injury was wedge shape. TUNEL-positive cells were minimal at 8 hour after irradiation as the number of positive cells were $2.6{\pm}5.27$(n=5) after 2Gy, and $0.8{\pm}0.84$(n=5) after 5Gy. But, the number of apoptotic cells were increased markedly to $60{\pm}6.24$ at 12 hour after 2Gy and to $104{\pm}19.7$ at 24 hour after 5Gy. Conclusion: There were prominent morphologic changes immediately after ${\gamma}$-irradiation. And, apoptosis was increased according to the time period. These findings implicate that brain irradiation induces rapid apoptotic change, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced pathologic conditions.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2009

Purpose: This study evaluated the characteristics and the prognosis of multiple intraabdominal solid organ injuries, including those to the liver, spleen, and kidney, after blunt trauma. Methods: From January 2001 to March 2009, 39 patients with multiple intraabdominal solid organ injuries, which had been confirmed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography after blunt trauma, were included in this retrospective study. The injury severity score (ISS), abbreviated injury scale (AIS), revised trauma score (RTS), American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) injury grade of solid organs, initial hemodynamic status, blood gas analysis, blood transfusion, and the mortality were the main outcome measurements. Results: Injured groups were classified into liver/kidney (n=17), liver/spleen (n=4), spleen/kidney (n=13), and liver/kidney/spleen (n=5) groups. Patients were older in the liver/kidney group than in the liver/kidney/spleen group (43 vs 18 years, p=0.023). The initial systolic blood pressures tended to be lower in the liver/kidney group than in the other groups (84 vs 105, 112, and 114 mmHg, p=0.087). The amounts of 24-hour packed RBC transfusion were 32 units in the liver/kidney group and 4 units in the liver/kidney/spleen group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Differences were found in neither the RTS, ISS, and AIS for head, chest, abdominal, and pelvic injuries nor the AAST injury grade for solid organ, but injuries to the chest were more severe in the liver/spleen group than in the spleen/kidney group (AIS 4.0 vs 2.8, p=0.028). Conservative treatment was the most frequent applied treatment in all groups. There were 6 mortalities : 3 due to hypovolemia, 2 to sepsis, and 1 to brain injury. Mortalities occurred only in the liver/kidney group. Conclusion: Patients who had intraabdominal solid organ injuries of the liver and the kidney simultaneously, tended to be transfused more at an early time after trauma, to have lower initial systolic blood pressures, and to have a higher mortality.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.96-101
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of?children with fall-down injuries according to age groups and to analyze the major trauma groups that were treated at the emergency room (ER). Methods: Among 1,222 children under age 6 who were treated at the ER from January 2008 to December 2009, a retrospective study was conducted through examination of medical records. The children were classified by age into 3 groups: infant, toddler, and pre-schooler. In each group, the differences between the causative factors that led to the fall-down injuries were analyzed. Also, ISS (Injury Severity Score) score above 4 was classified as major trauma, and an ISS score 0-1 was classified as a minor trauma. The relationship between major trauma and age group was also analyzed. Results: Through an analysis of child fall-down injuries, men (56.6%), toddler (47.3%), head-related symptoms (72.9%), furniture-related traumas (80.2%), and falls from less than a 1-m height (69.9%) were found to be common factors. Furthermore, in radiological studies, fractures and brain hemorrhages accounted for 16.9% of major traumas, and simple skull fractures were the most common (21.4%). Distributed according to age group, the factors relevant to fall injuries were fall height and head-related symptoms for infants, accident site, fall height and head-related symptoms for toddlers, and accident site for pre-schoolers (p<0.05). Also, headrelated symptoms and fall height were independent factors of major trauma in all age groups. However, major traumas (17.3%) were related to dumped trauma, fall height and accident site (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study was mainly about head-related injuries, and toddler were most common victims. The relevant factors for the major trauma were falling height for infants, accident site and falling height for toddlers, and accident site, falling height for pre-schoolers.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.451-461
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• 2021

Background: Readmissions related to lack of quality care harm both patients and health insurance finances. If the factors affecting readmission are identified, the readmission can be managed by controlling those factors. This paper aims to identify factors that affect readmissions of convalescent rehabilitation patients. Methods: Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service claims data were used to identify readmissions of convalescent patients who were admitted in hospitals and long-term care hospitals nationwide in 2018. Based on prior research, the socio-demographics, clinical, medical institution, and staffing levels characteristics were included in the research model as independent variables. Readmissions for convalescent rehabilitation treatment within 30 days after discharge were analyzed using logistic regression and generalization estimation equation. Results: The average readmission rate of the study subjects was 24.4%, and the risk of readmission decreases as age, length of stay, and the number of patients per physical therapist increase. In the patient group, the risk of readmission is lower in the spinal cord injury group and the musculoskeletal system group than in the brain injury group. The risk of readmission increases as the severity of patients and the number of patients per rehabilitation medicine specialist increases. Besides, the readmission risk is higher in men than women and long-term care hospitals than hospitals. Conclusion: "Reducing the readmission rate" is consistent with the ultimate goal of the convalescent rehabilitation system. Thus, it is necessary to prepare a mechanism for policy management of readmission.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.206-209
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• 2023

Purpose: Since its implementation, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FBS) has played an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of tracheobronchial tree and pulmonary disease. Although FBS is often performed by endoscopists, it has also been performed by surgeons, albeit rarely. This study investigated FBS from the surgeon's perspective. Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent FBS performed by a single thoracic surgeon between March 2017 and December 2021. Accordingly, the epidemiology, purpose, results, and complications of FBS were analyzed. Results: A total of 47 patients received FBS, whereas 13 patients underwent repeat FBS. Their mean age was 60.7 years. The main organs injured involved the chest (n=22), brain (n=9), abdominal organ (n=7), cervical spine (n=4), extremities (n=4), and face (n=1). The average Injury Severity Score was 22.5. Indications for FBS included atelectasis or haziness on chest x-ray (n=34), pneumonia (n=17), difficult ventilator management (n=7), percutaneous dilatory tracheostomy (n=3), blood aspiration (n=2), foreign body removal (n=2), and intubation due to a difficult airway (n=1). The findings of FBS were mucous plugs (n=36), blood and blood clots (n=16), percutaneous dilatory tracheostomy (n=3), foreign bodies (n=2), granulation tissue at the tracheostomy site (n=2), tracheostomy tube malposition (n=1), bronchus spasm (n=1), difficult airway intubation (n=1), and negative findings (n=5). None of the patients developed complications. Conclusions: FBS is an important modality in the trauma field that allows for the possibility of diagnosis and therapy. With sufficient practice, surgeons may safely perform FBS at the bedside with relative ease.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.338-342
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• 1998

Postural headache due to spontaneous intracranial hypotension occurs without any diagnostic lumbar puncture, myelography, cranial or spinal injury, or spinal anesthesia. The clinical characteristics of the syndrome are disappearance of the headache or a notable decrease in its severity with recumbency, the finding of meningeal enhancement and subdural fluid collection on brain MRI, the pleocytosis and the increased CSF protein concentration. We report a case of a 40-year-old woman who exhibited the signs and symptoms of postural headache due to low CSF pressure. Her headache started suddenly at the occiput and radiated to frontal head. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of her brain showed enhancement of the meninges and subdural fluid collection. Intrathecal radionuclide cisternography showed the delayed appearance of the isotope in the cranium and the minimal CSF leak at the left upper thoracic region. Her headache was relieved completely after a lumbar (L2-L3) epidural injection of 12 ml of autologous blood and remained asymptomatic.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.212-219
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• 1999

본 연구는 뇌손상 아동의 후유증을 조사하고, 이 증상에 손상요인, 치료요인, 환경요인이 관련되어 있는 지와, 후유증을 평가하는데 일반적인 심리검사가 적절한지를 규명함으로써 뇌손상 아동의 후유증 치료, 예방 및 평가에 관한 임상적 지침을 얻고자하였다. 연세대학교 원주기독병원 응급의학과와 신경외과에서 뇌손상에 관한 치료를 받고 최소한 6개월이 지난 후 정신과에 신경정신과적 평가가 의뢰된 47명의 아동(연령 $5{\sim}14$세)을 대상으로 후유증을 네 범주로 나누어 조사했다. 초기 GCS 점수, 동반손상, 치료방법, 입원일수를 조사하고, EEG, MRI, 지능검사, 심리검사를 시행한 후 통계처리하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 인지증상이 행동증상, 정서증상, 신체증상보다 많았으며, 이들 증상의 빈도는 경도집단과 중등도-중증 집단간에 차이가 없었다. 2) 인지증상은 두부수술을 받지 않은 아동이 더 많이 호소하였다(p<0.01). 3) 행동증상은 뇌손상 당시의 연령이 낮은 아동과(p<0.05), 투약한 아동에서(p<0.05) 더 많이 호소되었다. 4) 정서증상은 동반손상이 있는 아동이 더 많이 호소하였다(p<0.05). 5) 신체증상은 약물치료를 받지 않은 아동에서(p<0.05), 지능지수가 높을수록(p<0.05) 많았다. 6) GCS 점수가 낮을수록 지능지수가 낮았다(p<0.05). 인지증상을 호소한 총 42명 중 25명에서 심리검사상 인지장애가 확인되었다. 이들은 다른 아동에 비해 입원일수가 길었다(p<0.05). 7) 정서증상을 호소한 총 25명 아동 중 심리검사를 통하여 정서장애가 확인된 아동은 22명이었다. 이들은 다른 아동에 비해 인지증상이 더 많았다(p<0.05).