• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.311-320
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• 1998

The cryogenic fracture behaviors of austenitic stainless steel HN2 developed for nuclear fusion reactor were evaluated quantitatively by using the small punch(SP) test. The electrochemical polarization test was applied to study thermal aging degradation of HN2 steel. The X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis was conducted to detect carbides and nitrides precipitated on the grain boundary of the heat treated HN2 steel. The mechanical properties of the HN2 steel significantly decreased with increasing time and temperature of heat treatment or with decreasing testing temperature. The integrated charge(Q) obtained from electrochemical polarization test showed a good correlation with the SP energy(ESP) obtained by means of SP tests. From the results observed in the x-ray diffraction and anodic polarization curve, it was known that the material the grain boundary. Combining SP test and electrochemical polarization test, it could be useful tools to non-destructively evaluate the cryogenic fracture behaviors and the aging degradation for cryogenic structural material.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.453-459
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• 2003

In this study, the effect of heat treatment to the electrochemical polarization resistance for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy was measured. The solution heat treatments were carried out at $1066^{circ}E, 966^{\circ}$E$, followed by aging heat treated $550^{circ}E, 600^{circ}E, and 650^{circ}E$. The electrochemical polarization resistance behavior was measured by potentio-dynamic polarization in the 1N $HNO_3$ + 15ppm HF solution. The obtained results were as follows. 1. As solution heat temperature increased. the corrosion potential was increased, whereas passive current density and critical current density were decreased. 2. As aging heat temperature increased, the corrosion potential was almost constant, but passive current density was decreased 3. The results of composition test measured by EDS at grain boundary and near $\gamma'$ precipitates indicated that S, Cl. and Si which originated from base metal were segregated at the grain boundaries Al and Ti which were the main alloying element in $\gamma'$ were depleted at the $\gamma'$ precipitated. The depletion of Al and Ti in $\gamma'$ was caused to early breakdown of passive film.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2000

The corrosion properties of Ni-Cr-W-Mo-B alloy sprayed by the high velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF) was studied as a function of heat treatment by using both potentiodynamic polarization and immersion tests in the H₂SO₄ solution. The mechanical property was also evaluated by a microhardness tester. Microstructural characteristics of te as-sprayed and annealed coatings at 550, 750 and 950℃ have been analyzed by means of OM, XRD, SEM and TEM. The results showed that the corrosion resistance was improved by increasing the annealing temperature. As-sprayed coating had metastable and heterogeneous phases such as amorphous, nanocrystalline and very refined grain and precipitates, which induced a localized corrosion. The localized corrosion occurred preferentially at the unmelted particles which were composed of Ni matrix and Cr, W and Mo riched phase segregated in the boundaries. As annealing temperature was increased, the microstructure had shown some changes - reduction of porosity and s[plat boundary decomposition and crystallization of amorphous/nanocrystalline phases, grain coarsening,, formation and growth of precipitates such as {TEX}$M_{23}C_{6}${/TEX} and {TEX}$M_{7}C_{3}${/TEX}. In addition, the compositional difference between matrix and boundary phases gradually disappeared, which changed the corrosion type from localized corrosion to general corrosion and thus enhanced corrosion resistance.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2017

The effects of W content and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Hastelloy C-276 alloy investment castings were discussed. As the W content was increased, dendritic microstructure was refined and network type precipitate formed during solidification was distributed on the dendritic grain boundaries. Cr, Fe and Mn were highly segregated in the Ni-based dendrite matrix, and Mo, W, C and Si were in the precipitates. Due to the heat treatment, fine granular and flake precipitates were newly formed in the matrix, and unresolved network type precipitates remained on the grain boundary. The network type precipitates and the granular and flake precipitates formed by heat treatment were confirmed to be ${\mu}$ phase intermetallic compounds with similar compositions. Due to the increase of the W content and the heat treatment, hardness and tensile strength were significantly increased. However, tensile strength after aging treatment was decreased with the W content. These results can be explained in that brittle fracturing by the unresolved network type precipitates dispersed in the grain boundary was predominant over ductile fracturing by the dimple ruptures originating from the fine granular precipitates in the matrix.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2020

The effect of a heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 713C alloy vacuum investment castings were investigated. The microstructure of the as-cast state was observed, showing well-developed dendrite structures and distributed carbide particles and solidified massive precipitates in the grain or grain boundary during solidification, in this case the γ′ phase and MC particles. During a heat treatment, the γ phase matrix was reinforced by solid solution elements, carbide particles from the film morphology precipitated along the grain boundary, and many micro-precipitates of second γ′ phases 0.2 ㎛~2 ㎛ in size were newly formed in the γ phase matrix according to SEM-EDS analysis results. The tensile strength at a high temperature (850℃) decreased slightly becoming comparable with the room-temperature result, while the hardness value of the specimen after the vacuum heat treatment increased by approximately 19%, becoming similar to that of the as-cast condition. However, the impact values at room temperature and low temperature (-196℃) were approximated; this alloy was mostly not affected by an impact at a low temperature. In the observations of the fracture surface morphologies of the specimens after the tensile tests, the fractures at room temperature were a mix of brittle and ductile fractures, and an intergranular fracture in the inter-dendrite structure and some dimples in the matrix were observed, whereas the fractures at high temperatures were ductile fractures, with many dimples arising due to precipitation. It was found that a reinforced matrix and precipitates of carbide and the γ′ phase due to the heat treatment had significant effects, contributing greatly to the excellent mechanical properties.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.54-60
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• 1985

This study is concerned with the mechanism of PTCR in $BaTiO_3$ ceramics doped by $Nb^{+5}$ Since the vacancy compensation layer at the grain boundary of n-type doped $BaTiO_3$ ceramics has been known as a major factor for surface state to give PTCR phenomena the dependence of PTCR on such vacancy compensation layer was attemped to be confirmed experimentally in this study. For the experiment quenching and annealing at various temperature after sintering were adopted to induce difference in the thickness of vacancycompensation layer so as to exihibit difference of PTCReffect eachother. The TEX>$Ba^{++}$ cocentration at the grain and grain boundary was measured by EDAX to confirm the formation of the vacancy compensation layer. It was found that i)either decrease in the temperature for quenching ii) or increase in the temperature for annealing improves the PTCR effect clearly iii)increase in TEX>$Ba^{++}$ concentration at the grain boundary results in the improvement of PTCR effect. It was concluded that all the experimental results gave the evidence for the dependence of PTCR effect on the vacancy compensation layer at the grain boundary which had been induced possibly by the $Ba^{++}$ diffusion by the heat treatment conducted.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2000

지표 경계 조건은 유한 차분법을 이용한 탄성파 파동 방정식 모델링에서 수치해의 정확성을 떨어뜨리는 한편 포아송 비에 따른 해의 안정성을 제한하는 주 요인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 지표 경계 조건과 같은 Neumann 경계 조건의 처리에 효과적인 적분법(integration method)에 기반 하여 차분식을 유도하고, 이로부터 중간점 차분 기법을 제안하였다. 또한, 개발된 알고리즘을 Lamb의 문제에 적용하여 이론해와 비교함으로써 타당성을 검증하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.682-688
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• 2016

In $TiO_2$-CuO systems, low-temperature sinterability was investigated by a conventional sintering method. Sintering temperatures were set at under $950^{\circ}C$, at which the volume diffusion is inactive. The temperatures are less than the melting point of Ag ($961^{\circ}C$), which is often used as an internal conductor in low-temperature co-fired ceramic technology. To optimize the amount of CuO dopant, various dopant contents were added. The optimum level for enhanced densification was 2 wt% CuO. Excess dopants were segregated to the grain boundaries. The segregated dopants supplied a high diffusion path, by which grain boundary diffusion improved. At lower temperatures in the solid state region, grain boundary diffusion was the principal mass transport mechanism for densification. The enhanced grain boundary diffusion, therefore, improved densification. In this regard, the results of this study prove that the sintering mechanism was the same as that of activated sintering.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.361-377
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• 2013

Wall functions have been widely used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and can save significant computational costs compared to other near-wall flow treatment strategies. However, most of the existing wall functions were based on the asymptotic characteristics of near-wall flow quantities, which are inapplicable in complex and non-equilibrium flows. A modified wall function is thus derived in this study based on flow over a plate at zero-pressure gradient, instead of on the basis of asymptotic formulations. Turbulent kinetic energy generation ($G_P$), dissipation rate (${\varepsilon}$) and shear stress (${\tau}_{\omega}$) are composed together as the near-wall expressions. Performances of the modified wall function combined with the nonlinear realizable k-${\varepsilon}$ turbulence model are investigated in homogeneous equilibrium atmosphere boundary layer (ABL) and flow around a 6 m cube. The computational results and associated comparisons to available full-scale measurements show a clear improvement over the standard wall function, especially in reproducing the boundary layer flow. It is demonstrated through the two case studies that the modified wall function is indeed adaptive and can yield accurate prediction results, in spite of its simplicity.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.165-175
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• 2008

Psoriasis, which is characterized by the covering of silver-white scaliness and various Sizes of redness with clear boundary, is an intractable skin disease that repeats aggravation and remission. The objective of the present clinical report is to demonstrate that oriental medical treatment after differentiation of syndromes is effective in treating psoriasis, an intractable skin disease. For this purpose, we identified the pattern of three psoriasis patients based on blood heat and viscous blood, and applied acupuncture and herbal medicine to them. The effect of treatment was evaluated using PASI (psoriasis area and severity index). In all of the three cases, the results of treatment were satisfactory. Thus, oriental medical treatment after differentiation of syndromes, which is highly effective without side effect, is considered to make a great contribution to the treatment of psoriasis in the future.