• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.161-164
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• 2003

Recombinant light chain of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type B stimulated transglutaminase activity in a dose dependent manner, Compared to native toxin, recombinant light chain showed av greater stimulatory effect on transglutaminase activity. Zn-chelating agents, inhibiting the proteolytic activity of the clostridial toxins, did not interfere with this stimulation. These results suggest that the light chain plays a major stimulatory role, which is not due to its metallopeptidase activity, but is possibly due to specific interaction with transglutaminase. More importantly, this report provides a new insight into the intracellular action of C. botulinum neurotoxins.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.322-327
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to elucidate the intramuscular arborization of the teres minor muslce for effective botulinum neurotoxin injection. Twelve specimens from 6 adult Korean cadavers (3 males and 3 females, age ranging from 66 to 78 years) were used in the study. The reference line between the 2/3 point of the axillary border of the scapula (0/5), where the muscle originates ant the insertion point of the greater tubercle of the humerus (5/5). The most intramuscular neural distribution was located on 1/5-3/5 of the muscle. The tendinous portion was observed in the 3/5-5/5. The result suggests the botulinum neurotoxin should be delivered in the 1/5-3/5 area of the teres minor muscle.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.287-291
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• 2003

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BONT/A) is an extremely potent toxin, which is produced by Clostridium botulinum. The light chain of this protein (BONT/A LC), which is known as a zinc endopeptidase, cleaves SNAP-25 involved in the exocytosis process. In this work, the expression of recombinant BoNT/A LC in E. coli is described. The BONT/A LC gene of C. botulinum contains a high frequency of the arginine AGA and isoleucine ATA codons that are rarely used in genes of E. coli, hampering the translation of recombinant protein. The argD and ilex tRNA genes were cloned into pACYC184 vector, resulting in pAAD131X plasmid. The translational stress of the toxin gene related to codon bias was reversed by fupplernentation of the AGA arginyl tRNA of T4 phage and AUA isoleucyl tRNA of E. coli. This system may be applicable for the expression of a variety of AT-rich heterologous genes in E. coli.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.417-421
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• 1997

Synaptobrevin is a kind of vesicle associated membrane proteins (VAMPs) which plays a secretary role in the neuronal synapse and was recently known as the biochemical target of botulinum neurotoxin type B. The structural gene of the synaptobrevin was cloned from mouse brain using RT-PCR technique and was seqrtenced. The deduced amino acid sequence showed that the synaptobrevin protein from mouse brain is exactly the same with that of the rat brain in the amino acid level. The synaptobrevin gene was subcloned into pET3a vector and expressed in E. coli. The molecular weight of the recombinant protein was 19 kDa as expected. Moreover, when the recombinant synaptobrevin protein was incubated with the native neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum type B, it was cleaved by the toxin in a time dependent manner. This implies that the recombinant synaptobrevin protein and the native toxin are reacted in the same way as the native synaptobrevin did in the neuronal cells.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.336-342
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• 2006

Real time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was used to quantify the expression of the botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) gene (cntA) by normalization with the expression of 16S rRNA. The method were confirmed by monitoring the mRNA levels of cntA during growth in five type A strains. In all but one of the strains the expression of cntA mRNA was maximal in the late exponential phase, and approximately 35-fold greater than in the early exponential phase. The concentration of the extracellular BoNT/A complex detected by ELISA was highest in stationary phase. Sodium nitrite and sorbic acid completely inhibited growth at 20 ppm and $4mg\;ml^{-1}$, respectively. CntA expression became lower in proportion to the concentration of sorbic acid, and this reduction was confirmed by mouse bioassay. Our results show that real time RT-PCR can be used to quantify levels of C. botulinum type A neurotoxin transcripts and to assess the effects of food additives on botulinal risk.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

Botulinum toxin has been used for the treatment of many clinical disorders by producing temporary skeletal muscle relaxation. In pain management, botulinum toxin has demonstrated an analgesic effect by reducing muscular hyperactivity, but recent studies suggest this neurotoxin could have direct analgesic mechanisms different from its neuromuscular actions. At the moment, botulinum toxin is widely investigated and used in many painful diseases such as myofascial syndrome, headaches, arthritis, and neuropathic pain. Further studies are needed to understand the exact analgesic mechanisms, efficacy and complications of botulinum toxin in chronic pain disorders.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.295-301
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• 2017

보툴리눔 신경독소는 콜린성 신경말단(부)을 선택적으로 공격하여 신경마비를 일으키는 신경독소로서, 그람양성을 띠고 내성포자를 형성하는 절대혐기성 세균인 보툴리눔 균(Clostridium botulinum)이 만들어낸다. 이 중 보툴리눔 A형 독소(BoNT/A)는 음식물과 물을 오염시킬 수 있으며 생물 무기나 생물 협박물질로 사용될 수도 있다. 이 때문에 독성을 탐지할 수 있는 예민한 분석방법과 중독을 치료할 수 있는 효능 있는 항독소를 개발해낼 필요성이 제기되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 BoNT/A를 중화할 수 있는 단일클론 항체(mAb)를 생산하기 위하여 BoNT/A로 면역된 토끼의 항혈청에서 유래한 scFv 라이브러리를 인간 IgG와 융합시켰다. 그렇게 재조합된 scFvIgG 항체 단백질을 안정된 세포주에서 발현시켰고 항체 친화 크로마토그래피를 사용하여 scFvIgG mAb 단백질을 정제하였다. ELISA로 정제된 scFvIgG mAb 단백질의 효율성을 확인하였고, in vivo 실험으로 BoNT/A에 대한 중화능을 시험하였다. 독성 중화능 실험은 마우스를 사용하여 수행하였는데, 그 결과 scFvIgG 항체(10 ug)는 BoNT/A(100,000 $LD_{50}$)의 독성이 주입된 마우스를 완전히 방어하지는 못하지만 마우스의 생존 기간을 현격하게 연장시키는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과들은 이 scFvIgG mAb가 BoNT/A를 중화하는 효능을 가지고 있다는 점을 제시한다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.353.2-353.2
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• 2016

We studied electrochemical detection of Botulinum neurotoxin, Vaccinia virus, and Streptococcus Pneumoniae based on nanogap device. Target bio substances were employed as representative targets of protein, virus, and bacteria, respectively. Redox current generated by ferri/ferrocyanide as an electroactive probe was enhanced according to gap distance which was controlled by surface-catalyzed chemical deposition. We found that enhanced electrochemical signal leads more sensitive signal changes according to selective interaction of target and its complementary elements on the electrode or gap area. In case of Botulinum neurotoxin, the redox signal showed a time-dependent increase due to cleavage of the immobilized peptide which blocked redox cycling. Redox cycling was also hindered by Vaccinia virus and Streptococcus Pneumoniae which were selectively immobilized in the gap area.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.409-414
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• 2023

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection for the treating plunged nose, post-rhinopasty and hyaluronic filler migration is common procedures in clinical settings. However, the lack of thorough anatomical understanding makes it difficult to locate the nose region muscles. The anatomical considerations concerned with BoNT injection into the nasalis, levator labii superioris alaeque, and depressor septi nasi muscles were reviewed in this study. The injection spots have been presented for the nasalis, levator labii superioris alaeque, and depressor septi nasi muscles, with the recommended injection technique for each muscle. We have suggested the ideal injection sites in association with outer anatomical landmarks of the nose region. Moreover, these proposals would support a more accurate procedure of BoNT injection in relieving plunged nose, preventing post-rhinoplasty deviation, and migration of the hyaluronic acid filler.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제41권12호통권415호
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• pp.826-830
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• 2003

botulinum toxin type A는 anaerobic bacterium clostridium botulinum에서 유래된 poly peptide neurotoxin으로서 사시, 안면연축, 수부다한증등에 치료목적으로 안정적으로 사용되어오다 최근에는 이마주름, 눈가주름등 주름살의 개선 목적으로 널리 사용되어 오고있다. 특히 턱얼굴외과 영역에서는 이러한 주름살의 개선이외에도 사각턱, 안면 신경의 이상으로 인한 안면 비대칭등 적용범위가 상당히 넓고 치료효과도 만족할 만하다고 하겠다. 이에 턱얼굴외과의사 나아가 치과의사들의 많은 사용을 기대하여 botulinum toxin 사용의 역사적 배경, 약리 및 작용기전, 가능한 합병증, 턱얼굴영역에서의 적용가능성 등에 대해 알아보고자 한다.