• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week Tai Chi on the bone mineral density and bone metabolic markers in postmenopausal women Methods: Data were collected from March to July, 2009. Fifty postmenopausal women were recruited for the study. Twenty two women were allocated to experimental group, and 28 to control group. The experimental group underwent Tai Chi exercise twice a week for twelve weeks. The control group was only notified with results of bone mineral density and bone metabolic markers. Bone mineral density was measured by using of DTX-200 (Osteometer MediTech, Hawthorne, CA, USA) at distal radius site and bone metabolic markers were measured by radioimmunoassay method. Collected data were analyzed by t-test, $X^2$-test, and Mann-Whitney test. Results: After 12 weeks of treatment, the Tai Chi group showed a significant difference in bone mineral density compared to control group but no significant effect on osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline level. Conclusion: Our results suggest that 12 weeks of Tai chi may delay bone loss in postmenopausal women.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1451-1457
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• 2004

Bone density parameters of children, unlike that of adult, might reflect growth effect along longitudinal direction as well as bone mass. The clinical test was performed for 859 male/female children with age 6-16 years. Ultrasonic imaging system was used to measure bone density, and relationship of bone density to age was evaluated. The bone quality index appeared to be highly correlated with age for male/female children. It was found that bone quality index rose rapidly in the first growth period. The bone quality index was then kept almost unchanged in the period of puberty, and slowly rose after puberty. It was also found that growth of female stopped earlier than that of male. Also, if more clinical examinations are performed by applying various sizes of region of interest, relationship between bone density and age is expected to be more reliable.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to measure and determine the relationship of femoral neck and lumbar bone mineral density with their and related factors. It were measured and determined the relationships among bone mineral density, bone mineral content in the lumbar and femoral neck, muscle strength (arm, back, leg), muscle endurance, instrumental activity of daily living (IADL), quality of life, cognitive perceptual variables(self efficacy, perceived health status), age, age at menopausal period. The twenty five subjects participating in this study consisted of twelve males and thirteen females at a C-institution in Chung Buk province. The mean age of subjects was 73.64 years. The data was collected from August, 1993 to September, 1993. The data was analyzed with $x^2-test$, t-test, Correlation, multiple regression using a SPSS pc+ program. 1. The mean femoral neck bone mineral density was $0.636g/cm^2$, 66.7% of young bone mineral density, the mean lumbar($L_2-L_4$) bone mineral density was $0.807g/cm^2$, 79.86% of young bone mineral density. The mean fermoral neck bone mineral content was 2.906g and the mean lumbar bone mineral content was 36.898g. 2. The mean muscle strength was 17.14kg(grip strength), 32.05kg(back lift strength), 17.14kg (leg lift strength) and the mean muscle endurance was 9.92times. 3. Men showed a significantly higher score (p<0.01) in muscle strength and muscle endurance than women, as well as a significantly higher score on self efficacy and perceived health status(p<0.05). 4. The femur neck bone mineral density had a significant correlation(p<0.0l) with leg lift strength, back lift strength, and their was a significant correlations (p<0.05) with arm strength and muscle endurance. Lumbar ($L_2-L_2$) bone mineral density had a significant correlation(p<0.05) with muscle endurance, grip strength and IADL. 5. With the multiple regression analysis the most significant predictor for lumbar bone mineral density were IADL, the most significant predictor for femoral neck bone mineral density was leg strength. This study concluded: As the mean bone mineral density and bone mineral content were low, the aged showed osteopenia. Bone mineral density, muscle strength and IADL were correlated. The aged could pro mote muscle strength, bone mineral density and IADL through Leg Press exercise which was safe and efficient for the aged. This Leg Press exercise contributed to prevention of osteoporosis and promoted the health of the aged.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the significance of increased bone density according to whether bone grafts were applied using demographic data with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and to compare the bone densities between before and after implant prosthesis using the Hounsfield index. Materials and Methods : Thirty-six randomly selected computed tomography (CT) scans were used for the analysis. The same sites were evaluated digitally using the Hounsfield scale with V-Implant $2.0^{TM}$, and the results were compared with maxillary posterior bone graft. Statistical data analysis was carried out to determine the correlation between the recorded Hounsfield unit (HU) of the bone graft and implant prosthesis using a Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon Matched-pairs test. Results : The bone grafted maxillary posterior teeth showed an increase in the mean values from-157 HU to 387 HU, whereas non-grafted maxillary posterior teeth showed an increase from 62 HU to 342 HU. After implantation, the grafted and non-grafted groups showed significantly higher bone density than before implantation. However, the grafted group showed significantly more changes than the non-grafted group. Conclusion : Bone density measurements using CBCT might provide an objective assessment of the bone quality as well as the correlation between bone density (Hounsfield scale) and bone grafts in the maxillary molar area.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 2005

Objectives : Osteoporosis is generally occurred in old age, especially postmenopausal women therefore, it is relatively overlook osteoporosis in children, but the authors have paid attention to bone density in children because maximizing peak bone mass of childhood is advocated as a way to prevent osteoporosis and environmental factor of childhood play role in the regulation of bone density. the present study was performed to measure bone density of children and to assess the influence of age, sex, body size, exercise, weak symptoms on bone density during the period of bone growth. Methods : We have measured bone density of calcaneus bone in 283 children (male 144 female 139, ranged from3 to 18) who visited in growth clinic of Pediatrics, Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Hospital, using quantitative ultra sound densitometry and they were divided into 3 groups by age(3-10, 11-15, 15-18 years). Pearson's correlation was used to assessed the influence of age, body size and Student's t-test was used to detect differences in sex, exercise, weak symptoms between the groups on bone density Results : The bone density correlated with age, height, weight, body mass index in this study. Bone density were significantly higher in males than in female. Digestive weak children's bone density were lower than normal children. Conclusion : Weight-bearing exercise and food rich in nutrition are necessary to increase maximizing peak bone mass in children.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1508-1512
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• 2009

This study was designed to analyze the results of bone mineral density test in oriental medical examination. The subjects were workers in the automobile manufacturing industry. The subjects consisted of 3,206 industrial workers who had received oriental medical examination by oriental medicine and they submitted questionnaires about drinking history and smoking history, during 9 months from March to November. They were categorized by sex, age, job class, drinking history, smoking history and exercise history. The T-scores were measured by using OSTEOPRO(BMTECH, Seoul, Korea). We analyzed the relationship between sex, age, job class, drinking history, smoking history, exercise history and the results of bone mineral density using X2-test of the SPSS Ver. 14.0. There was a positive correlation between age and osteoporosis prevalence. In job class, sales personnel were apt to have a higher prevalence of osteoporosis than factory workers and office workers. Osteoporosis rates of the drinker group showed a higher level than the non-drinker group. Bone mineral densities of non-smoker group were higher than the Smoker group. And bone mineral densities of exerciser group were higher than the non-exerciser group. They have to encourage exercise and educate the workers to quit smoking for their health promotion. Furthermore, continuous health check up needs to be done connectedly.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2005

Nutrition factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between nutritional status and bone mineral density of elderly women. Three hundred thirty five elderly women (over 65 years) in Asan were divided into three age groups (group 1, less than 70 y ; group 2, from 70 to 75 y ; group 3, 75 y or more). Total alkaline phosphatase and serum calcium (Ca) were analyzed using spectrophotometric procedure. Data for food and nutrient intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall method. Bone density was measured by broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) using QUS-2. Age differences were tested with the X 2 test for categorical variables and with ANOVA and Tukey's test for continuous variables. Correlation was conducted to test the association between bone density and nutrient intake. The subjects in age groups 1,2 and 3 were $36.7\%$, $32.8\%$ and $30.4\%$, respectively. Height and body weight of the subjects were significantly decreased with age. Average bone density of the subjects in group 3 was lower than the other age groups. Osteoporosis determined by t-score is $17.9\%$ for group 1, $24.5\%$ for group 2 and $55.9\%$ for group 3 (p < 0.001). The serum Ca level of the subjects in group 2 was significantly lower than that of group 1 although mean values in all age groups are within the normal range. Dietary Ca intake, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and index of nutrient quality (INQ) were decreased with age. Bone density was negatively correlated with age (p < 0.001), while body mass index (p < 0.01) was positively related with bone density. Although partial correlation did not reveal the significant correlation of BMD and dietary calcium after controlling for age, since calcium intake was very poor compared to sodium and phosphorous intakes, recommendation of more calcium intake for elderly women especially those over 75 years must be continuously emphasized.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2000

To determine whether personal history of lactation in premenopausal women influence bone mineral density, a cross-sectional study was conducted. One hundred eighty-four premenopausal women were selected from women who had been checked for bone mineral density by dual energy x-ray absortiometry in lumbar spine, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric site at general hospitals in Seoul and Pusan. They completed a questionnaire including life style factors and reproductive history. In the data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test any association between individual variables and bone mineral density and a statistical comparisons between long term lactation(>24 months) and short term lactation(<24 months) were made by one way analysis of covariance. The results were summarized as follows: 1) There was no significant difference in the bone mineral density of the lumbar vertebrae in premenopausal women between the long term lactation group(>24months) and the short term lactation group(<24months). 2) There was no significant difference in the bone mineral density of the femur neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric site in premenopausal women between the long term lactation group (>24months) and the short term lactation group (<24months). Considering these results, we suggest prospective studies that measure bone mineral density before and after, in addition to those during lactation. We also suggest the further study with premenopausal women less than 35 who have achieved peak adult bone mass.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2000

To demonstrate possible influences of general bone density on the mandible, histomorphometric analysis was carried out in mandibles and iliac bones and the correlation of the two bone densities was tested. Comparison of bony density in women and men over 60 years in the mandible was carried out too. Quantitative computed tomography(QCT) was taken in cross-section of mandibles at the same site where histomorphometric analysis was peformed to evaluate the reliability of QCT. The analysis included 40 cadavers with no known diseases affecting the bones. The subjects consisted of 15 females and 25 males with a mean age of 60.3 years. Spearman correlation analysis and Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed. The results were as follows. 1. There was statistically no correlation between the mandible and iliac bone in the values of corrected cortical width(CCW), cortical porosity(POR) in cortex, and total bone volume(TBV), mean trabecular plate thickness(MTPT), mean trabecular plate density(MTPD), and mean trabecular plate separation(MTPS) in trabecular bone. 2. Comparison of women and men over 60 years, men had statistically higher bone density than women except fir POR of buccal and lingual cortex, and WTPD of alveolar trabeculae in mandible. 3. There was statistically significant correlation between TBV of trabecular bone and CT No., but not between POR and CT No. in mandible. According to the results above, there was no correlation between mandible and iliac bone density and between mandibular bony density and age. Further studies are required to support the results. A more noninvasive method to be able to measure the bone density of mandible should be developed and it is necessary to accumulate data on the normal values of bone density of mandible according to age and sex. Further study should be carried out about QCT to measure mandibular bony density using QCT.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.837-846
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• 1999

There were few reports about the fluoride concentration in bone and osteoporotic women. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between the urinary fluoride concentration and periodontal condition in osteoporotic old women. Twentyeight postmenopausal women(Test group) and twenty-one premenopausal women(Control group) were examined. Bone mineral density(BMD) of lumbar spine(L2-L4) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). The urine samples were collected at early morning and determined with the help of a fluoride-specific electrode and Tisabbufferd samples. The results were as follows. 1. The mean urinary fluoride concentration in test and control group showed statistically no difference. 2. The bone mineral density(BMD) of the spine in test group was significantly lower than control group(p<0.05). 3. The significant negative correlation was found between BMD level and age after menopause $(p<0.001,\;{\gamma}=-0.526$. 4. The urinary fluoride concentration was not correlated with age, age after menopause and bone mineral density. 5. The urinary fluoride concentration was not correlated with periodontal condition.