• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 2009

To investigate expression patterns of chitinase, ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase involved in biological control of phytopathogens, three oil seed rapes (Capitol, Pollen and Saturnin) were used. Activities of the enzymes in old leaves were $9.7{\sim}11.8$ unit/mg protein in chitinase, $11.1{\sim}17.3$ unit/mg protein in ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and $0.6{\sim}1.7$ unit/mg protein in peroxidase. Activities of the enzymes in roots were $39.2{\sim}49.0$ unit/mg protein in chitinase, $49.9{\sim}62.0$ unit/mg protein in ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and $2.4{\sim}3.8$ unit/mg protein in peroxidase. Chitinase and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase activity were the highest level in Saturnin leaves and in Capitol roots while activities of those were the lowest level in Capitol leaves. Also, chitinase and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase activity were the lowest level in Saturnin roots. Active bands of chitinase isoform in leaves (73, 51, 40, 34, and 29 kDa) and in roots (100, 57 34, and 29 kDa) tissues showed in the SDS-PAGE gel. Active bands of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase isoform in leaves and roots (75 and 55 kDa) tissues showed on the SDS-PAGE gel. Active staining of peroxidase showed the strongest level in leaves and roots of Pollen. Active bands of peroxidase isoform in leaves (122, 114, and 93 kDa) and in roots (135, 122, 114, and 93 kDa) tissues showed on the Native-PAGE gel. These results indicated that establishment of expression pattern of enzymes in rape tissues could play as an important role with respect to resistance of plant pathogens in rape.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

We established an in vitro system of central serotonergic neurons by culturing dissociated rat embryonic (El4) brainstem cells to 14 days in vitro and monitored the serotonergic neuronal growth by measuring 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) contents in the cells with hish performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). We studied also tile effects of various drugs on the contents of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, confirming in vivo reports. The 5-HT content (13 ng/mg protein) and 5-HT turnover rate (17 pmol/mg protein/h) at 14 days in vitro were in good agreement with those reported in the adult rat brain. The 5-HT content was more easily depleted with p-chlorophenylalanine, a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor than with NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine), an aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitor. Incubation of the cultures with tryptophan or 5-hydroxytryptophan increased the rate of serotonin formation implying that neither tryptophan hydroxylase nor AADC is saturated with its amino acid substrate in this in vitro system . The 5-HT content was depleted by reserpine. The 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents were increased and decreased, respectively, by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. All the above results indicate that the biochemical properties of the central serotonergic neurons in this culture system reflect reliably those of central serotonergic neurons in vivo. We suggest that measuring 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents in the primary cultured dissociated brainstem-cells with HPLC-EC is useful in the study of pharmacology as well as toxicolgy of the central serotonergic neurons.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.467-483
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• 1982

Leaflets of Allium sativum L. (garlic) and leaf scales Allium cepa L. (onion) were cultured on the Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium to study the effects of plant growth regulators, temperature and light on the formation of shoot and root. And also, the potentiality of shoot or root formation of tissues in accordance with the leaf age and the region was discussed. In the experiment with garlic, the formation of shoot and root was more effective on the medium containing $BA\;2mg/{\ell}$ and $NAA\;1mg/{\ell}$ and it occured on the basal region of outer leaflets. The shoot formation was more effective at $20^{\circ}C$ than $28^{\circ}C$ under 16-hour daylength, and it was more effective in darkness than light condition at $28^{\circ}C$. The results of shoot and root formation on the new cloves of garlic harvested in 1982 were similar to those the old cloves of garlic harvested in 1981. In the experiment with leaf seales of onion, when the tissues of dormant leaf scales of onions harvested in 1981 were explanted on the MS medium, a few shoots were formed on the medium containing $BA\;2mg/{\ell}$ and $NAA\;1mg/{\ell}$. In this case,there were no differences on the shoot formation among the age and region of leaflets. On the culture of leaf scales, the shoot was not formed on the leaf scales located at outer or middle region, but it was formed on the medium containing BA accompanied with NAA at inner scales. On the medium complemented with BA alone, the tissues were not differentiated, but on the medium complemented with NAA, the callus was formed from tissues and then the root was formed through the callus.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.473-482
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• 2013

Molecular markers, as an efficient selection tool, have been and is being used for practical breeding program in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Recently, a lot of researches on inheritance and genetic analysis for quantitative traits including capsaicinoids, carotenoids, and sugar content in pepper are being performed worldwide. It has been also reported that QTL mapping is a necessary tool to develop molecular markers associated with the quantitative traits. In this study, we suggested a new method to construct a pepper genetic map using SNP (HRM) markers generated from NGS resequencing of female and male parents. Plant materials were C. annuum 'NB1' (female parent), C. chinense 'Jolokia' (male parent), and their $F_2$ population consisting of 94 progenies. Sequences of 4.6 Gbp and 6.2 Gbp were obtained from NGS resequencing of 'NB1' and 'Jolokia', respectively. Totally, 4.29 million SNPs between 'NB1' and 'Jolokia' were detected and the 1.76 million SNPs were clearly identified. Among them, total 145 SNP (HRM) primer pairs covering pepper genetic map were selected, and the 116 SNP (HRM) markers of them were located on this map. Total distance of the map, which consisted of 12 linkage groups and matched with basic chromosome numbers of pepper, was 1,167.9 cM. According to the mapping result, we concluded that our mapping method was suitable to construct a pepper genetic map fast and accurately. In addition, the genetic map could be directly used for QTL analysis of traits different between both parents.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2006

It is very important to improve fertilizer use efficiency for the saving of fertilizers and for environmental purposes as well. However, there was no effective ways for the fertilization in the mid of growth under the plastic film mulching cultivation so far. For this, a Band Spotty Fertilization (BSF) machine was developed recently. So, we tried to establish a low input fertilization technique using this BSF machine in the vinyl mulching cultivation of onion (Allium cepa L.). Fertilization efficiency, soil properties, and crop yield were examined and compared among treatments from 2000 to 2001. The content of exchangeable K in soils were higher after fertilization but that of available $P_2O_5$ was lower than before the experiment in all plots. The content of nitrate-N was highest at the early growth stage, and higher in BSF plots than that of conventional fertilization (CF). BSF plot showed higher growth rate, and uptake amount of nitrogen of onion by 59-69% than that of CF. N use efficiency in BSF was higher in the order of two time-split application, one time-split application, and three time application. K use efficiency was high 13-17% BSF plots than that in CF($63kg\;ha^{-1}$) plots. The amount of residual N in soils was high by 8-14% in BSF plots compared to that in CF plots, and the loss of N was lowered 26-34% by BSF. Also, the amount of residual K in soils was high by 13-18% and the loss of K was low by 29-31% in BSF plots compared to that in CF plots. The yield of onions increased by 7-13% by BSF due to increased diameter and weight of bulbs. As the results, N fertilization efficiency increased by 22-42% by BSF.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2017

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of 1)irradiation with several different ratios using red, green, and blue LEDs and 2)various pulsed light irradiation with 50% duty ratio using red and blue LEDs on the growth and morphogenesis of three lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativar L. cv. 'Jukchukmeon', 'Lolo Rosa', and 'Grand Rapid') in hydroponics culture system for 4 weeks after transplanting. Seeds were sown in rock-wool plug trays and they were placed in a culture room which was controlled at $23{\pm}1^{\circ}C/18{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ temperature and 50-60/70-85% for day and night, respectively, during cultivation period. Irradiated RGB ratios with LEDs were 6:3:1, 5:2.5:2.5, 3:3:4, 2:2:6, and 1:1:8 with $110{\pm}3{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD on the surface of cultivation bed. The frequencies of pulsed lighting was 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 25,000Hz (20, 10, 0.1, 0.04 ms) with red and blue LEDs and 50% duty ratio. At the RGB ratio of 6:3:1, the average fresh weight of 'Jukchukmeon' was significantly higher than that of other RGB treatments, but no significant difference compared to the fluorescent treatment. The average fresh weight at 1:1:8 RGB ratio in 'Lolo Rosa' was significantly lower than that of other RGB treatments. Leaf number and fresh weight of 'Grand Rapid' were significantly lower in the control and 1:1:8 RGB treatments, compared to the other RGB treatments. As the ratio of blue light increased, leaf length decreased and leaf shape became round in three lettuces. Although there is little change in growth, it could not be found any tendency to affect the growth and morphogenesis of three lettuces caused by increasing or decreasing frequency of pulsed lighting with 50% duty ratio at the $72{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.307-314
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• 2006

This study was conducted to screen in vitro angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of methanol (MeOH) and aqueous extracts which were prepared by four different extractions-80% methanol extracts(ME) at $20^{\circ}C\;and\;70^{\circ}C$, respectively and aqueous extracts (AE) at both temperatures with the residue of the MEs-of ten marine green algae and nineteen brown algae collected along Jeju coast of Korea. Most marine brown algae extracts showed higher capacities than those of marine green algae in ACE inhibitory activity. Particularly, $70^{\circ}C$ MeOH extract (70ME) of Hizikia fusiforme showed the strongest inhibition activity (about 87%) among all the extracts. Also, 70 MEs of Enteromorpha linza, Ishige sinicola, Laminaria ochotensis, Petrospongium rugosum, Sagrassum horneri, Undaria pinnatifida and $20^{\circ}C$ MeOH extracts (20ME) of Myagropsis myagroides, Petrospongium rugosum, $20^{\circ}C$ aqueous extracts (20AE) of Codium contractum, Enteromorpha compressa, and $70^{\circ}C$ aqueous extracts (70AE) of Ecklonia cava, Petrospongium rugosum showed moderate ACE inhibitory activities more than 50% and the other extracts exhibited weak activities. On tile other hand, E. cava had the best ACE inhibitory activity among 70AEs. This indicates that 70AE of E. cava contains potential anti-ACE macromolecular. We tried to proteolytic digest 70AE of E. cava to induce production of anti-ACE peptides from E. cava 70AE. The enzymes used are five pretenses including Kojizyme, Flavourzyme, Neutrase, Alcalase, and Protamex, which are food grade-commercial enzymes from Novo Co. Flavourzyme-digest of E. cava 70AE showed the highest inhibitory activity about 90%. And the five different enzymatic digests of the E. cava 70AE ranged from 2.33 to 3.56 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively in $IC_{50}$ values of anti-ACE activity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2012

Seed size has been considered as an effective criteria for selection of the most vigorous seeds in sorghum [(Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench]. The smaller seeds were inferior to the larger sizes in emergence and grain yield. This study was conducted to determine germination rate, field emergence and vigor of sorghum for selection of high quality seed by different seed size. Sorghum cultivar of two (Hwanggeumchal and Tojong) were separated into five seed size proportion (<2.36, 2.80, 3.15, 3.35 and >3.55 mm diam.) according to seed size. The larger seed was more higher 1,000 seeds weight, seed density, carbohydrates and protein content. Total seed germination performing varied 92% at the largest size (>3.55 mm diam.) frequently inferior to slightly 67% at smaller seed (2.36 to 2.80 mm diam.) in the standard germination test. Seed size did have a significant effect on mean emergence time (MET) and maximum emergence rate index (ERI) and percentage of emergence. It should be noted that the results refer to MET of sorghum seeds ranging from 4.26 to 4.74 days. The relationship of seed size was not only to stand establishment but to grain yield. Yield was most affected by seed size and large seeds were superior to the smaller seed in 25~37% of the cases. Especially, yield was significant under 3.15 mm the beginning.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus, medicinal plant extracts, and plant extracts on growth performance, cecal microflora, relative organ weight, and lymphocyte profile in broiler chickens. One hundred broilers (5 wk old) were used and divided into five (treatment) ${\times}$ two (challenged Salmonella) groups containing 10 broilers. The treatments were as follows: no antibiotics group (NC), antibiotics group (PC), 0.1% lactic acid bacteria group (LB), 100 ppm medicinal plant extract group (MPE), and 100 ppm herb extract group (HE). A basal diet was formulated as 3,100 kcal/kg ME and 20% CP based on corn and soybean meal. Broilers were fed with the experimental diets with no challenge for 1 wk and with challenge of SG for 2 wk. SG were added in water as $1.0{\times}10^6cfu/L$. Final body weight and weight gain were significantly decreased following challenge with SG (P<0.05). However, with the addition of antibiotic alternatives, growth performance was improved and reduction of performance following challenge with SG was lowed compared with that of the NC treatment (P<0.05). Coliform bacteria and Salmonella but not lactic acid bacteria increased with the addition of antibiotic alternatives (P<0.05). Lactobacillus increased significantly with the addition of lactic acid bacteria compared with the NC and PC treatments (P<0.05). The weight of liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius increased with addition of antibiotic alternatives (P<0.05). WBC was highly reduced at 4 days after challenge with SG, but was normally maintained thereafter. There was no significant difference in coliform bacteria, Salmonella, organ weights, or WBC with the addition of antibiotic alternatives. Finally, Lactobacillus, medicinal plant extract, and herb extract can be used as antibiotic alternatives; but one alternative completely can't alternate as antibiotics. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the synergistic effects of two or more antibiotic alternatives.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2011

To suggest the weed management technique for environment friendly rice cultivation, we investigated occurrence patterns of weeds, the actual condition of weed management, and rice yield at the environment friendly agricultural complex located in Honam and Chungnam regions. The practical performance of weed management was relatively satisfactory in decreasing order of agricultural technique with golden-apple-snail (GAS) > agricultural technique with duck (Duck) > agricultural technique with rice bran (RB) > agricultural technique with soft-shelled turtle (ST). In the rice fields employed by agricultural technique with GAS, the dominant weeds were Echinochloa crus-galli, Ludwigia prostrata, Monochoria vaginalis, Sagittaria trifolia, and Aneilema keisak. However, E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, L. prostrata, Aeschynomene indica and Bidens frondosa were found as dominant weeds at the fields using the Duck and E. crus-galli, M. vaginalis, L. prostrata, Polyganum hydropiper and Eleocharis kuroguwai at the fields using RB. In comparison of rice yield ($5.2\;MT\;ha^{-1}$) obtained from the conventional cultivation using herbicides, about 93% was reached by Duck, about 91% by GAS, about 92% by RB, and about 78% by ST. When rice qualities obtained from environment friendly rice cultivation were compared with those from the conventional cultivation, the producing rates of perfect kernel, immature kernel, immature opaque kernel, cracked rice, and damaged kernel were lower in the former cultivation, whereas contents of protein, amylose, and fatty acid were similar in the two cultivation methods. The problems found in the environment friendly agriculture were poor plowing and harrowing, carless irrigation management, and geological poor condition as cultivation area with cold water. These have caused severe infestation of weeds, frequent incident of disease and insect pest, and rice lodging. This resulted in reduction of rice yield as high as about 32 to 79% as compared with the conventional cultivation using herbicides.