• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 1970

Human body volumes were calculated from the measurments of body height and body weight. Equations Suited to express the relations of height, weight, and surface area to show the body volume were derived from the body volume measurements by means of underwater. weighing method. Underwater body weights were corrected for the residual volume of long obtained by the Rahn's three breath method. Underwater weighing was performed on 173 male subjects aged between 13 and 51 years. Subjects were divided into 4 age groups, namely, 13-16 years group of 47 subjects, 16-19 years group of 46 subjects, adult group aged between 22 and 38 years comprising 45 subjects, and middle-aged group (40-51 years) of 35 subjects. The group division was made on .the basis of physical growth and development. The following results were obtained. 1. Body height (H, cm), body weight (W, kg), body surface area $S,\; m^{2})$, and body volume (V, liter.) interrelated closely. V/S showed a high correlation with W/H and the coefficient of correlation was r=0.97 irrespective of age group differences of the subjects. The coefficients of correlation between V/S and W/H in the total mate subjects as a single group was r=1.983. Subsequently the following regression equation was obtained. V = S X (54.84 W/H + 14.08) The agreement of body volume values obtained by the calculation and underwater weighing in the total subject group was better than that of the separate age group division. 2. The calculated values of body volume were: 40.4 l (euiqvalent to the body density value of 1.0562 kg/1) in 13-16 years group; 52.0 l (equivalent to density value of 1.0723 kg/l) in 16-19 years group; 55.3 l (equivalent to density value of 1.0570 kg/l) In the adult group; and 54. 0 l (equivalent to density value of 1.074 kg/l) in the middle-age group. The mean deviation of calculated from the measured volume value ranged between ${\pm}0.55$ and ${\pm}0.81$ liters. 3. The correlation between V/S and mean skinfold thickness of 4 sites (arm, back, iliac and chest) was high, namely, the coefficient of correlation was r=0.656. The coefficients of correlation between V./S and the $R\"{o}hrer$ index ranged between r=0.668 and r=0.810 affected by the difference in group age of the subject. The body volume (V) alone correlated poorly than V/S with mean skinfold thickness (r=0.606) and the $R\"{o}hrer$ index (r ranged between 0.274 and 0.588).

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2000

A feeding trial with a total of 24 growing pigs of average 33.47kg body weigh was conducted to investigate effects of dietary supplementation with Tetrachlorvinphos on swine growth and fly control. The Experimental animals were divided into two groups of 12 gigs, 3 replicates of 4 animals each. Body weight gains and feed conversion rates were no differences between control and treatment. Maggot and fly populations were significantly reduced (P<0.05), respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.107-111
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• 1996

Studies on the effects of protein levels on the total sulphur amino acid (TSAA) requirements of chickens were conducted on the starter broilers by feeding four levels of crude protein(16, 18, 20 and 23%) at three levels of TSAA (0.83, 0.93 and 1.03%) and on the grower broilers by feeding three levels of crude protein (16, 18 and 20%) at three levels of TSAA(0.72, 0.79 and 0.86%). The metabolisable energy of the diets was maintained constant at 3,200 kcal/kg and the experiments were carried out for two growing periods: starter (0-3 wk) and grower (3-6 wk). The results showed that there were significant differences in body weight gain, feed intake and feed:gain ratio under different protein levels of the starters. Crude protein, ME and TSAA intake were significantly affected by increasing the CP levels. The TSAA requirement of the starter broilers is recommended at 0.93% and it is not influenced by different protein levels used in the experiment. For the grower period, body weight gain and feed:gain ratio improved significantly at higher protein diets. Birds fed higher protein diet consumed greater quantities of protein. Responses to TSAA supplementation for body weight gain, feed intake and feed:gain ratio were not significant. The present results showed that the TSAA level of 0.79 to 0.86% was required for grower diets and that the protein levels of the diet did not influence the TSAA requirement.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.668-676
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• 2001

Two growth performance experiments were undertaken in order to compare the nutritional benefit of micronized dehulled barley (MDB) with wheat and maize. In the first experiment, ninety-six 24 d old Cotswold pigs with an average body weight of 9.5 kg were randomly allotted into one of four dietary treatments. The wheat and MDB ratio in the four complex diets were 100% wheat, 75% wheat+25% MDB, 50% wheat+50% MDB and 100% MDB; cereal was about 47% of the whole diet and varied by using different ratios of wheat and MDB. Starter phase was started at a bodyweight 9.9 kg; grower phase continued at liveweight 37.1 kg and finished at 74.0 kg. The ADFI, ADG and feed efficiency (F/G) were not affected (p>0.05) by the level of MDB in the diet from 9.9 to 37.1 kg live weight. However, ADFI was (p<0.05) less (14%) for the pigs fed the 75 or 100% of MDB based diets without affecting F/G during the second phase (37.1 to 74.0 kg live weight). Pigs fed the MDB based diet had a lower (p<0.05) plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration than the pigs fed the wheat-based diet. In the second experiment, the trial started at 9.9 kg body weight and ended at market weight (107.6 kg), with three different phases in the trial. One hundred and twenty Cotswold pigs were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments. The maize and MDB ratio in the three diets were 100% maize, 50% maize+50% MDB and 100% MDB. Diet treatments did not affect (p>0.05) growth performance, PUN level, carcass characteristics and organ size, except for an improvement (p<0.05) in ADG for the pigs in the starter phase fed 50% and 100% MDB based diets.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.401-406
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• 2022

Ahnak, a large protein first identified as an inhibitor of TGF-β signaling in human neuroblastoma, was recently shown to promote TGF-β in some cancers. The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, various biological functions, and cancer growth and metastasis. In this study, we used Ahnak knockout (KO) mice that underwent a 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) to investigate the function of Ahnak in TGF-β signaling during liver regeneration. At the indicated time points after PH, we analyzed the mRNA and protein expression of the TGF -β/Smad signaling pathway and cell cycle-related factors, evaluated the cell cycle through proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining, analyzed the mitotic index by hematoxylin and eosin staining. We also measured the ratio of liver tissue weight to body weight. Activation of TGF-β signaling was confirmed by analyzing the levels of phospho-Smad 2 and 3 in the liver at the indicated time points after PH and was lower in Ahnak KO mice than in WT mice. The expression levels of cyclin B1, D1, and E1; proteins in the Rb/E2F transcriptional pathway, which regulates the cell cycle; and the numbers of PCNA-positive cells were increased in Ahnak KO mice and showed tendencies opposite that of TGF-β expression. During postoperative regeneration, the liver weight to body weight ratio tended to increase faster in Ahnak KO mice. However, 7 days after PH, both groups of mice showed similar rates of regeneration, following which their active regeneration stopped. Analysis of hepatocytes undergoing mitosis showed that there were more mitotic cells in Ahnak KO mice, consistent with the weight ratio. Our findings suggest that Ahnak enhances TGF-β signaling during postoperative liver regeneration, resulting in cell cycle disruption; this highlights a novel role of Ahnak in liver regeneration. These results provide new insight into liver regeneration and potential treatment targets for liver diseases that require surgical treatment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.101-112
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the level of concentrates and pasture grazing in 60 head of spring born Hanwoo heifers(initial body weight; 125.3kg) for 450days from six to 21 months in age. Feeding trial was conducted with 5 treatment(twelve heads/ treatment) which were T1(1.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates and indoor feeding for over-all period), T2(0.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing), T3(1.0% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing), T4(1.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing), T5(2.0% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing). During the total experimental period, average daily gains by treatments ranged from 0.322 to 0.465kg(average 0.405kg) and higher in the order of T5, T4, T1, T3 and T2, and increased with the level of concentrates feeding for pre-pasture grazing. TDN intakes required per unit of kilogram gain were 9.13 to 9.79kg(average 9.49kg) higher in the order of T1, T3, T5, T4 and T2, For the grazing period, they were ranged from 12.39 to 12.98kg(average 12.68kg), and were not significantly different. But TDN requirements of grazing groups was higher about 15.6% than the indoor feeding group’s. The rate of roughage to concentrates by treatments were 57.8 to 73.6%(average 63.7%). The body weight of 15 and 21 month in ages, that is, the ages at puberty and first conception by treatments were 201.2 to 230.7kg(average 223.8kg) and 270.2 to 331.4kg (average 307.6kg), respectively, and the latter were high per unit of 20.4kg by increasing the level of concentrates feeding for pre-pasture grazing every 0.5% addition of apparent body weight. The age of 225 and 275kg in body weight, that is, the body weight at puberty and first conception by treatments were 14.0 to 17.6 month (average 15.3 month) and 17.9 to 21.7 month(average 19.4), respectively, and the latter were shorter about 1.3 month by increasing the level of concentrates feeding every 0.5% addition of apparent body weight. According to the above results, it may be concluded that spring born Hanwoo heifers are raised at indoor have to feed with 1.8% of body weight in concentrates under full feeding of rice straws for all period from six to 21 months in age, but with 1.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates for grazing period.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.1213-1224
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• 2024

Objective: Enterotypes (ETs) are the clustering of gut microbial community structures, which could serve as indicators of growth performance and carcass traits. However, ETs have been sparsely investigated in waterfowl. The objective of this study was to identify the ileal ETs and explore the correlation of the ETs with growth performance and carcass traits in Muscovy ducks. Methods: A total of 200 Muscovy ducks were randomly selected from a population of 5,000 ducks at 70-day old, weighed and slaughtered. The growth performance and carcass traits, including body weight, dressed weight and evidenced weight, dressed percentage, percentage of apparent yield, breast muscle weight, leg muscle weight, percentage of leg muscle and percentage of breast muscle, were determined. The contents of ileum were collected for the isolation of DNA and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The ETs were identified based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing data and the correlation of the ETs with growth performance and carcass traits was performed by Spearman correlation analysis. Results: Three ETs (ET1, ET2, and ET3) were observed in the ileal microbiota of Muscovy ducks with significant differences in number of features and α-diversity among these ETs (p<0.05). Streptococcus, Candida Arthritis, and Bacteroidetes were the presentative genus in ET1 to ET3, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that Lactococcus and Bradyrhizobium were significantly correlated with percentage of eviscerated yield and leg muscle weight (p<0.05) while ETs were found to have a close association with percentage of eviscerated yield, leg muscle weight, and percentage of leg muscle in Muscovy ducks. However, the growth performance of ducks with different ETs did not show significant difference (p>0.05). Lactococcus were found to be significantly correlated with leg muscle weight, dressed weight, and percentage of eviscerated yield. Conclusion: Our findings revealed a substantial variation in carcass traits associated with ETs in Muscovy ducks. It is implied that ETs might have the potential to serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing duck carcass traits. It would provide novel insights into the interaction of gut microbiota with growth performance and carcass traits of ducks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to study the growth performance, bone mineralization and mineral excretion in broiler starter chicks fed high levels of cholecalciferol (CC) at sub-optimal levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Five hundred and sixty day-old Vencobb female broiler chicks were housed in raised wire floor stainless steel battery brooder pens ($24"{\times}30"{\times}18"$) at the rate of five chicks per pen. A maize-soyabean meal basal diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell powder and synthetic CC to arrive at two levels each of Ca (0.50 and 0.60%), and NPP (0.25 and 0.30%) and four levels of CC (200, 1,200, 2,400 and 3,600 ICU/kg) in a $2{\times}3{\times}4$ factorial design. Each diet was fed ad libitum to chicks in 7 pens from 2 to 21days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake and bone weight increased (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC at both the Ca and NPP levels tested. The CC levels required to obtain significant improvement in body weight gain and feed intake reduced (2,400 ICU/kg vs. 1,200 ICU/kg) with increase in levels of P in diet (0.25% vs. 0.3%, respectively). The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC from 200 to 1,200 ICU/kg diet at 0.5% Ca, while at 0.6% Ca, the level of CC in diet did not influence the feed efficiency. Tibia mineralization (density, breaking strength and ash content) and Ca and P contents in serum increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of CC in diet. The CC effect on these parameters was more pronounced at lower levels of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). The data on body weight gain and feed intake indicated that NPP level in diet can be reduced from 0.30 to 0.25% by increasing CC from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg. Similarly, the bone mineralization (tibia weight, density and ash content) increased non-linearly (p<0.01) with increase in CC levels in diet. Concentrations of P and Mn in excreta decreased (p<0.01), by increasing CC level from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg diet. It can be concluded that dietary levels of Ca and NPP could be reduced to 0.50 and 0.25%, respectively by enhancing the levels of cholecalciferol from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg with out affecting body weight gain, feed efficiency and bone mineralization. Additionally, phosphorus and manganese excretion decreased with increase in levels of CC in broiler diet.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.738-744
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• 2017

Effect of dietary inclusion of microalgae, diatom-dominant, oil extracts (MOE) on growth, body composition and shell color of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus was investigated. One thousand four hundred and seventy juvenile abalone were distributed into 21 plastic rectangular containers. Seven experimental diets were prepared: MOE0, MOE0.01, MOE0.05, MOE0.1, MOE0.5, MOE1 and MOE2 diets containing MOE at the concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2% at the expense of mixture of squid liver and soybean oils, respectively. The experimental diets were fed to abalone in triplicate once a day with a little leftover for 16 weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate of abalone fed the MOE1 and MOE2 diets were higher than those of abalone fed the all other diets. The shell length and soft body weight of abalone fed the MOE2 diet were longer and heavier than those of abalone fed the all other diets. Crude protein and ash content of the soft body of abalone were affected by dietary inclusion of MOE. The shell color of abalone fed the all experimental diets was different from that of wild abalone. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of MOE improved growth of abalone, but did not shell color of abalone.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1980

For the purpose of ascertaining the status of physical growth and food habit of obese children, a study was made of 1086 primary school children ranging between 2nd and 3ra grades living in Kwang-ju City in Korea. 66 subjects were selected from an anthropometrical point of view and they were classified into two groups, an obese group and a control group, according to their relative body weight. Food habits of each group were observed by means of questionnaires. In the statistical analysis of the data, percentage calculation and T-score test were used. The results of the study can be summarized as follows; 1) Viewed from relative body weight, 3.0% of the 1,086 subjects turned out to be obese, and the measure of skinfold showed 2.4%. 2) Physical growth of the obese growth is superior to that of the control group in all aspects. 3) The average score of food preference by means of Hedonic scaling method by the obese group is 3.90, while that of food preference by the control group is 3.76. The most favored food by the obese group is ice cream (4.91), while that of most favored food by the control group is banana (4.75). The statistically meaningful foods of the two groups are cucumber (0.02>p>0.01), orange (p<0.02), peach(0.05>p>0.02), watermelon (p <0.01) and ice cream (p<0.01). The score of food preference for protein foods by the obese group is 3.78 and that of food preference by the control group is 3.57(0.05>p>0.02). The excessive food intake per meal of the obese group is 45.4%, while that of the control group is 19.7% (0.05>p>0.02). Ratio of taking severely unbalanced food by the obese group is 15.1%, while that of the control group is 50.0% (p<0.01). 4) 30.3% of mothers of the obese group is fat, while 15.1% of mothers of the control group is fat (p<0.01). Concerning body weight at birth, 90.9% of the obese group and 63.6% of the control group are above-average weight. (p <0.01). From the results shown above, the obesity in children is almost due to food. It is hoped, therefore, that overeating be discouraged through the nutrition education.