• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.302-311
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• 2022

This study investigated the effect of a synergistic blend of free and buffered organic acid (FMP) on the performance of piglets born to sows supplemented with a blend of short- and medium-chain organic acids (SGG) during the late gestation and lactation period. A total of 150 multiparous sows (n = 50/treatment, Landrace × Yorkshire) were blocked (2.4 parity) and assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: CON - corn-soybean meal-based basal diet, SGG-Low - CON+ 1.5 kg/ton SGG, and SGG-High - CON + 3kg/ton SGG. During weaning, 600 piglets (6.72 ± 0.5kg) which weaned from sows supplemented with 3 levels of SGG were allocated to 2 weaner diets (Control and FMP - 3kg/ton) following 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Supplemental effects on performance were measured at d0-d21 and d 21-42, and the entire period. Pigs fed with FMP and born to sows supplemented with SGG-High gained more weight and ate more (p < 0.05) compared with those in the CON group in both phases, and with SGG-Low in the second phase. Over the entire post-weaning period, piglets born to sows supplemented with SGG-Low and SGG-High had a higher average daily gain (ADG) and body weight (BW) (p < 0.05). Regardless of sow treatment, pigs fed with an FMP diet had higher ADG (p < 0.001), BW (p = 0.045), and a lower feed conversion ratio (p = 0.033). Also, feeding FMP diets reduced the fecal Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens counts at d42. The current study indicates that sows fed SGG supplement had a positive carry-over effect on the post-weaning growth rate, and FMP supplement enhances the growth performance and reduced the number of C. perfringens and E. coli. Thus, the application of 3 kg/ton of SGG in sows' diet and subsequent feeding of piglets with FMP would be an effective strategy to improve growth rate and reduce pathogenic bacteria in post-weaned piglets.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1556-1565
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• 2022

Objective: Tan lambs (n = 36, 3 mo old, 19.1±0.53 kg) were used to assess effects of dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and serum parameters. Methods: Lambs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, with 6 pens per group and 2 lambs per pen. Dietary treatments were: basal diet alone (I); basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.06% RPM (II); and basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.08% RPM (III). Diets were provided three times a day for 90 d. Intake per pen was recorded daily and individual lamb body weight (BW) was measured monthly. Carcass traits were measured after slaughter and meat quality at the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken on a subgroup of lambs for analysis of indicators mostly related to protein metabolism. Results: Final BW and average daily gain for the first and second month, and for the entire experiment were greater in Treatment II compared to Treatment I (p<0.05), whereas feed to gain ratio was lower (p<0.05). Treatment II had the optimal dressing percentage and net meat weight proportion, as well as crude protein and intramuscular fat concentrations in muscles. Treatment II improved meat quality, as indicated by the greater water holding capacity, pH after 45 min and 48 h, and lower shear force and cooking loss. Dietary supplementation of GAA and RPM also increased the meat color a^* and b^* values at 24 h. Finally, Treatment II increased total protein, and serum concentrations of albumin and creatinine, but decreased serum urea nitrogen concentrations, indicating improved protein efficiency. Conclusion: In this study, 0.08% GAA+0.06% RPM supplementation improved growth performance and meat quality of Tan lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.691-699
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and the application of these products in early-weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, four barrows with initial body weight (BW) of $14.2{\pm}1.4$ kg were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 25% of corn in diet 1 with one of the three soybean products, and the digestable energy (DE) and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, four barrows (initial BW of $18.2{\pm}1.5$ kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, ninety six piglets (initial BW of $5.6{\pm}0.9$ kg) weaned at $21{\pm}2$ d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of three treatments for a 21-d growth performance study. The control diet was based on corn and SBM, the two treatments' diets contained either 10% SPC or FSBM and were formulated to same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal. The results showed that the ME content of SPC was greater than SBM (p<0.05). The SID of most AA in SPC was greater than the SID of AA in SBM (p<0.05). For the essential AA, the SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine in FSBM were greater than in SBM (p<0.05). Even though they were fed same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal diets, pigs fed SPC and FSBM diets had greater weight gain, G:F (p<0.05) and better fecal score (p<0.05) than pigs fed SBM diet. In conclusion, SPC showed a higher ME content and SID of AA than the SBM. SID of some essential AA in FSBM was higher than SBM and was similar with SPC. But the lower antigenic proteins and anti-nutritional factors content in SPC and FSBM may be the main factors affecting the performance of early-weaned piglets rather than the increased ME content and SID of AA.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.295-305
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• 2021

Objective: The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of normal and low protein content (PC) of starter diet supplemented or not with blends of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on growth performance of broilers under summer conditions and to investigate whether these effects altered some quality traits and the characteristics of gastrointestinal tract. Methods: A total of 768 mixed-sex broiler chicks (Ross 308, one-d-old) with an average initial body weight (BW) of 47.6±1.03 g were allocated into six treatments with four replications in 2×3 factorial arrangement. Factors were: PC, normal (N, 22% to d 15); and low (L, 20% to d 15); and added BCAA blends, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine at zero (0L:0I:0V); 1.0, 0.25, and 0.25 (4L:1I:1V); or 1.0, 0.25, 0.75 (4L:1I:3V) g/kg of diet. Hence, six dietary treatments were named as N0L:0I:0V, N4L:1I:1V, N4L:1I:3V, L0L:0I:0V, L4L:1I:1V, and L4L:1I:3V. Average indoor temperature and humidity were 32.8℃±1.7℃ and 61.1%±4.12%, respectively. Results: BW, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass weight were not affected by PC, BCCA and their interaction (p>0.05). The L diets decreased the water holding capacity of the breast (p = 0.002) and thigh (p = 0.050) meats and dressing percentage (p = 0.005) compared to the N diets. The 4L:1I:1V diet decreased breast yield compared to the 0L:0I:0V diets (p = 0.041). The effect of PC on feed intake, mortality and gastrointestinal trait weight were depended on the L:I:V ratios under summer conditions due to interactions between factors (p<0.05). The FI and mortality of L4L:1I:1V broilers were lower than those of N4L:1I:1V birds (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the blends of BCAAs used failed to improve performance and to promote breast yields, because diets with normal or with reduced protein supplemented or not with BCAAs up to d 15 produced a similar BW and FCR in broilers raised in hot-climate conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.787-794
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• 2005

The aim of this study was 1) to confirm the practical efficiency of a routine milk P4 monitoring system for postpartum reproductive management of a dairy herd, and 2) to evaluate the relationship between the blood metabolic profiles, milk quality and body weight of individual cows in the farm records, which may reflect the postpartum nutritional condition, and the time of postpartum resumption of ovarian activity of dairy cows. A total of 116 Holstein cows was used in the present study. First, during the period of Experiment 1, postpartum reproductive management based on weekly measured milk P4 concentration from individual cows was conducted. Compared with the reproductive records of the past two years without P4 monitoring, although the day from calving to first AI did not change, both the number of AI until pregnant (with P4; 1.9 times vs. without P4; 2.9 times) and the days open (with P4; 95.1 days vs. without P4; 135.8 days and 133.8 days) were significantly decreased. In Experiment 2, the measurement of blood constituents such as albumin, blood urea nitrogen, packed cell volume, ammonia, glucose, total cholesterol, non-esterified, AST and $\gamma$-GTP was performed on the blood samples taken once approximately 14 days postpartum, to monitor both health and nutritional conditions. The milk constituent parameters, such as milk protein (MP), milk fat (MF), SNF and lactose, collected from the monthly progeny test of individual cows, were used to monitor the postpartum nutritional status. Furthermore, the data obtained from the routine measurements of body weight were used to calculate the rate of peripartum body weight loss. The resumption day of the postpartum estrous cycle was assumed from the milk P4 profiles of individual cows. There was no clear relationship between each parameter from blood examination and those from resumption time. However, the cows had low values of MP, and SNF, which significantly affected the resumption of the postpartum estrous cycle. Similarly, a higher rate of body weight loss indicated a significant delay (more than 1 month) in the resumption of the postpartum estrous cycle, compared with the groups that had a medium or lower rate of body weight loss. The results of the present study demonstrated that the implementation of routine milk P4 monitoring-based postpartum reproductive management, together with milk quality parameters and routine BW data available in field conditions may be utilized as a practical approach for increasing the postpartum reproductive efficiency of a high yielding dairy herd.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.851-855
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• 2013

To determine the status of sunfish fishery, fishing places, body size, weight, etc. were investigated from 2010 to 2012 in Busan Cooperative Fish Market. Most of the sunfish were caught by large purse seine around Jeju island, and the fishing ground of sunfish were reached from Heuksando in the southern Yellow Sea to Guryongpo in the southern East Sea. The range of total length (TL) of the sunfish caught by purse seine was 55-271 cm, and the estimated length-weight relationship was $BW=8E-06TL^{3.3797}$. From the relationship, the weight of 50 cm in total length was estimated to be ca. 4 kg, TL 100 cm was ca 46 kg, TL 200 cm was ca 478 kg, and TL 271 cm was estimated to be 1,336 kg.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.297-306
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• 2022

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) when added to sows' diet on their reproductive performance and growth performance and on the hematology parameters of the sows and their piglets. Sixteen multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) were allotted into two treatment groups and fed basal diets (CON, piglets were injected with iron dextran) or the basal diet containing 0.1% ALA (ALA, piglets were not injected with iron dextran) from day 100 of gestation to day 28 of lactation. Supplementation of ALA had no effect on the body weight (BW), backfat thickness (BFT), or litter sizes of sows in the present experiment. However, the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the sows was significantly improved (p < 0.05) in the ALA group. Supplementation of ALA had no effect on the growth performance or survival of suckling piglets but had a significant effect on the birth weight (p < 0.05). With regard to the blood profiles, serum concentrations of iron were unaffected in sows and piglets as compared to the control group. Red blood cell (RBC) counts were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in sows during late gestation to the time before farrowing period and in piglets at weaning. In summary, these results suggest that dietary supplementation of ALA can have positive effects by improving growth performance and blood RBC in sows and suckling piglets.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.189-205
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• 1994

자주복, Takifugu rubripes 수정란 확보를 목적으로 실내 수조에서 사육한 1990년산(3년어), 1991년산(2년어)를 인공 사육 조건하에서 성장에 따른 월별 생식소숙도지수 (GSI)와 간숙도지수(HSI)를 조사하고, 1988년산(5년어)과 1990년산(3년어)을 대상으로 태반성 성선 자극 호르몬(HCG)을 처리하여 배란을 유도한 후 채란시험을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다 1993년 5월까지 성장은 2년어는 체장과 체중이 각각 $30.72\pm1.35cm,\;1,048\pm228g$였고, 3년어는 자각 $36.02\pm1.17cm,\;1,402\pm66g$이었다. 그리고 시험 기간중 양식 자주복의 체장(L)과 체중(W)과의 상관 관계는 2년어는 W=\;1.7892L^{3.1524}\times10^{-5}$ (r=0.9436)였고, 3년어는 $W=3.2849L^{3.6099}\times10{-6}$ (r=0.9070)였다. GSI의 변화는 2년어 암컷은 시험기간 중에 $0.23\pm0.12$에서 $0.74\pm0.08$의 범위였지만, 수컷에서는 11월까지는 변화폭이 적었지만 그 후 증가하여 4월에 최고 값인 $8.69\pm5.09$을 나타났다. 3년어 암컷은 4월에 8.05\pm5.58$, 수컷에서는 5월에 $12.65\pm4.60$로 최고 값을 나타냈다. HSI의 변화에 있어서 3년어는 GSI와 정상관적인 변화를 보이나 2년어는 거의 상관관계 없이 나타난다. 수컷 2, 3년어는 기능적 성성숙에 도달하나, 암컷에 있어서 2년어가 $230{\mu}m$ 전후의 초기 성숙 단계까지 발달하여 그 후 퇴행 변성되고, 3년어는 난경 $900{\mu}m$까지 발달하여 완숙란에 도달하고 있다. HCG 처리후 채란까지 소요시간은 수온 $16.3\~17.8^{\circ}C$에서 5년어(500 IU/kg, BW)는 각각 139시간, 142시간, 3년어(1,000IU/kg, BW)는 114시간이었다. 1마리당 채란량은 5년어가 각각 650g, 400g이었고, 3년어에서는 610g이었으며, 수정율은 각각 $98.0\%,\;97.4\%$와 $96.5\%$였다. 호르몬 처리에 의한 채란은 성공적이었고, 수정이후 정상적인 부화자어로 이행이 확실하였다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 국립축산과학원 가금연구소에서 보유하고 있는 흑색 재래종토종닭 L계통, 한국화이트레그혼 F, K계통의 150일령 및 270일령 체중, 시산일령, 시산 및 270일령 난중, 270일령 산란수 총 6가지 경제형질에 대한 유전모수를추정하였다. 기초통계량에서 150일령 및 270일령 체중은 L계통이 각각 1,714 g, 2,032 g으로 F, K계통에 비해 무겁게 나타났으며, 시산일령은 L, F, K계통에서 153, 140, 143일로 나타났으며, L계통의 시산난중 및 270일령 난중은 각각 37 g, 54 g으로 F, K계통에 비해 가벼웠으며, 270일령까지 산란수는 76개로 F, K계통의 산란수인 100, 99개에 비해 적은 경향을 나타냈다. 재래종토종닭과 화이트레그혼의 품종 간 경제형질 능력의 차이를 보였으며, 화이트레그혼 품종 내 F, K계통 간 경제형질 능력의 유의적인 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. L, F, K계통에서 150일령 체중의 유전력은 0.48~0.52로 고도의 유전력으로 나타났으며, 270일령 체중은 0.56~0.57로 고도의 유전력, 270일령 난중은 0.55~0.59로 고도의 유전력, 시산일령은 0.31~0.45로 중도에서 고도의 유전력, 270일령 산란수는 0.20~0.22로 중도의 유전력, 마지막으로 시산난중은 0.15~0.16으로 저도의 유전력을 보였다. 시산일령과 270일령까지 산란수의 유전 및 표현형 상관계수는 각각 -0.73~-0.63, -0.48~-0.42로 부의 상관관계가 나타났다. 시산일령과 체중의 유전 상관은 0.05~0.17로 정의 상관관계를 보였으나, 표현형 상관은 -0.04~0.10으로 대체적으로 부의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 또한, 270일령까지 산란수와 150일령, 270일령 체중 및 270일령 난중의 유전상관은 각각 -0.16~0.01, -0.14~-0.03, -0.45~-0.24로 나타났고, 표현형 상관은 각각 -0.08~0.07, -0.13~0.04, -0.15~-0.11로 나타나 전반적으로 부의 상관을 보였다. 270일령 난중과 150, 270일령 체중은 0.36~0.49의 유전 상관과 0.29~0.37의 표현형 상관을 나타냈으며, 모두 정의 상관을 나타냈다. 270일령 난중과 시산난중은 0.50~0.73의 유전 상관과 0.21~0.32의 표현형 상관을 나타냈으며, 모둔 정의 상관을 나타냈고, 유전 상관이 표현형 상관보다 높게 나타났다. 시산난중과 체중의 상관 관계는 0.22~0.39로 정의 유전 상관과 0.07~0.16의 정의 표현형 상관을 보였으며, 시산난중과 시산일령은 0.48~0.67로 높은 정의 유전 상관과 0.27~0.39 정의 표현형 상관을 보였다. 그리고 150일과 270일 체중 간 유전 상관 0.90~0.91, 표현형 상관 0.68~0.80으로 상당히 높은 상관 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the isokinetic moment of quadriceps and hamstring strength ratio among women of different ages. The study population consisted of 1,184 women referred to the Health Promotion Center at the S district. All subjects were aged 20 to 69 years old and divided into 5 groups; 20s (n=248), 30s (n=255), 40s (n=248), 50s (n=228), and 60s (n=205). The strength of the knee extensor and flexor, quadriceps, and hamstring of all the participants were assessed at 60 degrees/second with an isokinetic machine. We calculated the peak torque, peak torque %BW (%Body Weight), deficit of peak torque and hamstring/quadriceps ratio of the knee. The data were analyzed by one way ANOVA to investigate statistical differences in strength variation between different age groups and were computed by ${\Delta}%$ difference from women in their 20's. The results were obtained as follows: 1. Peak torque of the knee extensor, quadriceps, were significantly reduced in women older than 30, but peak torque of the knee flexor, hamstring, were significantly reduced in women older than 50 compared to women in their 20's. (p<.05). 2. Peak torque %BW of the knee extensor, quadriceps, were significantly reduced in women older than 20, but peak torque %BW of knee flexor, hamstring, were significantly reduced in women older than 40 compared to women in their 30's (p<.05). 3. Compared to the women in their 20's, there was no significant difference among any of the age groups in the deficit of peak torque of the knee extensor and flexor, but the deficit of peak torque of knee extensor among women between 30 and 50showed significant difference within the normal range of deficit. 4. Compared to the women in their 20's, there was no significant difference among any of the age groups in the hamstring/quadriceps ratio These results showed that peak torque, peak torque %BW, deficit of peak torque, and hamstring/quadriceps ratio of the knee were reduced in each age group, but especially among the women over 50. Further longitudinal study may be needed to see if volume of muscle mass and intervention of exercise affect knee strength in spite of aging.