• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.477-486
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• 2008

Acrylic resin is widely used in dental practice. However, the residual monomer in acrylic resin could act as a negative biocompatability on human body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of the monomer elution from polymerized orthodontic acrylic resin. Orthodontic acrylic resin was used in the study. The curing condition of the resin was controlled by temperature, pressure, aquatic and atmospheric environment. The duration and amount of monomer elution and timedependent plot was recorded by high performance liquid chromatography. The result showed that the only monomer eluted from the resin was methyl methacrylic acid. And the amount of the monomer elution has diminished considerably by time progress especially within 24 hours. Furthermore, elution of the residual monomer was significantly lower in group of pressure, moisture and elevated temperature than control (p<.05). According to this study, it was thought that the elution of residual monomer might be influenced by curing environment.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.111-117
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• 2013

Objectives We investigated the effectiveness and safety when treated in schizophrenics with paliperidone palmitate, a long acting injectable antipsychotic. Methods This was a 24-week open-label study, performed at one center in Korea. The eligible patients with schizophrenia diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria were enrolled. Patients received long-acting paliperidone palmitate injection (234 mg, baseline; 156 mg, week 1 ; then once 4 weeks flexible dosing). Effectiveness assessments were measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), The Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale (CGI-S), The Personal and Social Performance (PSP) at baseline, week 1, every 4 weeks untill 24 weeks or endpoint. Safety assessments were measured by The Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS), body weight (BW) and incidence of adverse events. Oral antipsychotics were stopped or tapered off within next 14 days. Results Of 20 patients recruited, 9 patients (45%) completed the study. Paliperidone palmitate produced a significant improvement in PANSS total score from baseline to endpoint. The response rate was 75% [mean change (${\pm}SD$) $-25.9{\pm}14.4$, all p < 0.001]. The CGI-S and PSP total scores significantly improved during 24 weeks (All p < 0.001). Eighty percent of patients reported adverse events and most common adverse events (${\geq}10%$) in paliperidone palmitate were anticholinergic adverse event, extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, akathisia, insomnia, headache, agitation, anxiety and GI trouble. ESRS score is not statistically significant, but tends to get better at the end of the study when compared to baseline. Conclusions Our study results demonstrated maintained effectiveness and safety of paliperidone palmitate treatment in schizophrenics. And provides both clinicians and patients with a new choice of treatment that can improve the outcome of long term therapy. Their potential effectiveness and safety should be better addressed by future randomized-controlled trials.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.195-203
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• 2004

4-Tert-Octylphenol (OP) is a surfactant additive widely used in the manufacture of a variety of detergents and plastic products. OP can disrupt endocrine function in humans and animals. This study was carried out to obtain toxicokinetic parameters of OP in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Male rats were administered with OP by single oral application of 200 mg/kg body weight. Blood, urine and tissues samples were taken at several time intervals after administration. Analysis of samples for OP was performed by column-switching high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, we exam-ined tissue distribution and accumulation of OP after single oral application of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, single intravenous injection of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg or daily application of 50 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. After single oral administration of 200 mg/kg, Cmax of 213 $\pm$ 123 ng/ml was reached within the first 1.3 hr (Tmax) in the plasma. AUC was calculated for 1,333$\pm$484 ngㆍhr/ml. The final elimination half-life of plasma was longer than that of urine, but urinary clearance was lower than oral. A very small fraction of OP (Fe < 0.0017%) was excreted in urine within 24 hr. These results indicated that the major excretion route of OP was not urine. The mean maximal tissue distribution of OP was obserbed at 6 hr after treatment and slowly decreased time-dependently. High OP concentrations were detected in fat at 24 hr. The OP in fat was slowly released with longer elimination half-life and lower clearance than that of other tissues. OP was not accumulated in the liver following single oral application but 14-day oral treatments resulted in two-fold accumulation. It was probably due to the saturation of detoxification pathways. On the other hand, the mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 isoforms except CYP2C11 was not affected by OP at any dose. The expression of CYP2C11 mRNA decreased in a dose-dependent manner. This result suggests that OP changes expression of the male-specific cytochrome P450 isoforms in rat liver, and these changes are closely related to the toxic and estrogenic effect of OP.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2003

A teratogenic study of dimethyl dimethoxy biphenylate derivative (DDB-S) was carried out on Sprague-Dawley rats. DDB-S dissolved in saline was administered to male and female rats by intravenously injection at daily doses of 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg. A half of dams were sacrificed at 20th day of gestation to scrutinize the pregnant performances and fetal development. And the remaining dams were allowed to deliver. The growth, reflex, behaviour and reproductive function of F1 offsprings were examined. There was no treatment-related difference in body weight, food consumption and necropsy findings of dams. No gross, skeletal and visceral abnormalities was observed in F1 fetuses from dams treated with DDB-S. F1 offsprings did not show any treatment-related difference in growth, reflex, behaviour and reproductive performance. At caesarean section of F1 dams, no growth retardation and gross abnormality was observed in F2 fetuses. In conclusion, DDB-S did not show any potential teratogenic effect in rats.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.284-295
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• 1990

Dietary levels of 0%, 0225%, 0.45% inorganic phosphorus in the form of tricalcium phosphate were included in two different experimental diets, which contains 40% of wheat bran with or without extrusion. It is to examine the effects of extruded wheat bran containing different Bevels of inorganic phosphorus on the performance of broiler chicks, including the nutrient availabilities, compared with that of the diet containing non－extruded wheat bran. The results are as follows； 1. Regardless dietary levels of inorganic phosphorus, the weight gain in general was higher for the groups fed non－extruded wheat bran but little significance was seen between the groups of extruded and the non－extruded. However, the effect of dietary inclusion of inorganic phosphorus on the weight gain was evident and the gain was higher in the groups receiving the higher levies of inorgainc phosphorus but failed to observe the significant difference between the added groups of 0.225% and 0.45% of inorganic phosphorus, suggesting that a considerable amount of phytin phosphorus in wheat bran is available to meet the requirement. 2. For the feed intake, there was a tendency for the groups fed extruded wheat bran consuming more feed, compared with that of the non－extruded but little significance was observed. This was also true between the groups of receiving 0.225% and 0.45% inorganic phosphorus t The feed efficiency was improved by the addition of inorgainc phosphorus, but failed to observe the significance between the added groups. 4. The dry matter digestibility was improved in proportion to increasing the levels of inorganic phosphorus for the both groups of extruded and the non－extruded This indicates that addition of extruded wheat bran has little effects on improving the digestibility. 5. Within the added groups of 0.225% and 0.45% inorganic phosphorus, the protein digestibility was increased with including the extruded wheat bran in the diet However, the effect on body weight gain was not evident. 6. The calcium and phosphorus content of tibia was shown the tendency of increasing with increasing the dietary levels of inorganic phosphorus but close correlation with dietary levels of inorganic phosphorus was not noted in tibia contents of calcium and phosphorus.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2003

Purpose : In order to overcome limitations in the existing conventional spectrometer, a new spectrometer with advanced functionalities is designed and implemented. Materials and Methods : We designed a spectrometer using the TMS320C6701 DSP capable of 1 giga floating point operations per second (GFLOPS). The spectrometer can generate continuously varying complicate gradient waveforms by real-time calculation, and select image plane interactively. The designed spectrometer is composed of two parts: one is DSP-based digital control part, and the other is analog part generating gradient and RF waveforms, and performing demodulation of the received RF signal. Each recover board can measure 4 channel FID signals simultaneously for parallel imaging, and provides fast reconstruction using the high speed DSP. Results : The developed spectrometer was installed on a 1.5 Tesla whole body MRI system, and performance was tested by various methods. The accurate phase control required in digital modulation and demodulation was tested, and multi-channel acquisition was examined with phase-array coil imaging. Superior image quality is obtained by the developed spectrometer compared to existing commercial spectrometer especially in the fast spin echo images. Conclusion : Interactive control of the selection planes and real-time generation of gradient waveforms are important functions required for advanced imaging such as spiral scan cardiac imaging. Multi-channel acquisition is also highly demanding for parallel imaging. In this paper a spectrometer having such functionalities is designed and developed using the TMS320C6701 DSP having 1 GFLOPS computational power. Accurate phase control was achieved by the digital modulation and demodulation techniques. Superior image qualities are obtained by the developed spectrometer for various imaging techniques including FSE, GE, and angiography compared to those obtained by the existing commercial spectrometer.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 1995

This study was conducted to determine the effects of non-climatic environmental factors on performances and behavioural patterns of growing pigs. Two hundred and seventy growing pigs were confined and administered with three levels of spaces per pig(0.33, 0.44 and 0.66$m^2$) and three different numbers of pigs per pen(12, 15 and 18 pigs) from 30kg to 60kg body weight. This study was designed by using 3 $\times$ 3 factorial arrangement(three levels of spaces $\times$ three different numbers of pigs) and investigated the effects of main factors and the relationship between each factors. The result of this study were summarized as follows; 1. The 0.44$m^2$ of floor space per pig improved(p<0.01) the weight gain and the feed/gain during the growing phase. 2. The 15 pigs per pen showed the faster gain and improved feed/gain than the 12 or 18 pigs per pen during the growing phase(p<0.05). 3. The reduction of floor space of growing pigs caused the reduction of resting, non-aggressive social behaviour but eating, aggressive behaviour was increased(p<0.01). 4. Group size affected the behavioural patterns significantly(p<0.01) of growing pigs. The aggressive and eating behaviour increased but resting behaviour decreased by crowding in the growing pigs. 5. Therefore we concluded that growing pigs need 0.44$m^2$ per pig and 15 pigs per pen for the better raising condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.1011-1017
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• 2002

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been shown to decrease body fat content of individually-housed pigs but little is known about the responses under commercial conditions. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of CLA under commercial conditions using contemporary genotypes. The experimental designs were similar between the two sites. Briefly, the studies were 2${\times}$2 factorial designs with the respective factors being sex (boar and gilt) and supplemental dietary CLA (0 and 4 g/kg). The studies involved 16-20 pens of pigs with 4-5 pens of each sex${\times}$CLA group. The first study was conducted with 144 pigs in 16 pens consuming a pelleted feed for 6 weeks at Bunge Meat Industries, Corowa, NSW. In the second study, 160 pigs were obtained from a commercial source and put into 20 pens in simulated commercial conditions and fed a mash diet for 7 weeks at Medina Research Station, WA. In Study 2 some aspects of meat quality were also investigated. Data from Study 1 showed that, although CLA had no significant effect upon feed intake and daily gain, the small changes in both resulted in a reduction in (-0.10 g/g, p=0.10) feed conversion ratio (FCR). While there was no significant effect of CLA on ultrasonic backfat depths, there was a significant decrease in carcass P2 (-1.0 mm, p=0.014) and estimated carcass fat (-7 g/kg, p=0.049). In the study conducted at Medina CLA had no significant effect upon feed intake, feed:gain or most measures of back fat. The exception was that dietary CLA decreased the rate of accumulation of fat at the shoulder, particularly in gilts, resulting in a significantly lower amount of shoulder fat at slaughter (-1.3 mm, p=0.044). CLA tended to increase dressing percentage although this was not significant (+0.5%, p=0.14). Meat from CLA treated pigs tended to be darker (p=0.12) and had a higher ultimate pH (p=0.06). These data suggest that under commercial conditions dietary CLA can improve growth performance and decrease P2 in pigs of an improved genotype, particularly gilts.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.501-509
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to review the effects of the physical fatigue induced by overtraining on cognitive information processing and emotional change of athletes by neurophysiologic study. And to provide basic data for the athletes and coaches in the sports field to improve understanding of the overtraining symptoms from the brain physiological point of view. We reviewed the domestic and international academic materials and research reports published in the last 20 years using electronic databases and examined the literature that is consistent with the purpose of this study among the retrieved documents. Based on the reviewed literature, we examined the cognitive information processing and emotional change of the athlete according to the training, and overtraining can accumulate the fatigue of the body, which can cause severe side effects in terms of cognitive ability and emotional ability of athletes as well as deterioration of performance. The study using P300 and EEG cerebral hemispheric asymmetry difference indices also confirmed the possibility of a new approach to understand psychological and physiological effects of overtraining on information processing and emotional changes.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.692-700
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• 2016

This study was aimed at investigating the residual patterns of thiamphenicol (TP) in the cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) following oral administration. TP concentration were detected by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detector. The recovery rates of TP in serums ranged 77.05~97.23% (olive flounder) and 89.96~97.11% (black rockfish) for the concentration of 0.1, 1.0, $10{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. After single administration of TP (100 mg/kg body weight) by oral route in olive flounder ($700{\pm}50g$, $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$) and black rockfish ($500{\pm}30g$, $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$), the concentration in the serum was determined at 1, 5, 10, 15, 24, 30, 50, 168, 264 and 432 h post-dose. Two-compartment model was applied to analyze in the pharmacokinetics of TP administered to the fishes. In the serum of olive flounder, TP was detected on 10 and 15 hours after treatment were $10.08{\mu}g/mL$ and $10.06{\mu}g/mL$ as maximum level, respectively. In the serum of black rockfish, TP was detected on 15 hours after treatment were $8.88{\mu}g/mL$ as maximum level. Concentrations of TP to the fishes were not measurable at 432 hours (18 days) after treatment in all samples. Similar residual patterns of TP were revealed between the fishes. These results are helpful for estimating withdrawal time of TP which has been already in use for farmed fish treatment.