• Title/Summary/Keyword: Blue water

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Analysis of blue carbon storage research trends and consideration for definitions of blue carbon: A review (블루카본 저장 연구 동향 분석 및 블루카본의 정의에 대한 고찰: 리뷰)

  • Kyeong-deok Park;Dong-hwan Kang;Won Gi Jo;Jun-Ho Lee;Hoi Soo Jung;Man Deok Seo;Byung-Woo Kim
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.82-91
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    • 2024
  • In this study, research cases related to blue carbon storage were collected and analyzed, and various definitions of blue carbon were considered in terms of spatiotemporal scope and scientific aspect. 444 papers were selected as research cases related to blue carbon storage, and analysis of the number of papers published by year/country and keywords was performed. Publication of papers related to blue carbon storage has continued to increase since 2011, and more than 50 papers have been published annually since 2018. The most publications by country were in Australia with more than 100 papers, and the United States and China also published more than 60 papers. Key terms related to "natural environment" and "storage characteristics" were analyzed in the sentences defined in the 23 papers that presented the definition of blue carbon. The natural environments where blue carbon was stored were mostly mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass beds, and blue carbon repository included sediments and even plants themselves. The existing definition of blue carbon focused on the vegetation environment as the storage environment for blue carbon. However, since blue carbon is stored in the sediments of coastal wetlands, it would be appropriate to define the coastal ecosystem, including non-vegetated mudflats, as the storage environment for blue carbon.

Effect of Oxyfluorination on Water Dispersion of Phthalocyanine Pigment (프탈로시아닌계 안료의 함산소불소화가 수분산 특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Min Kyu;Bae, Jin-Seok;Kim, Taekyeong;An, Seung-Hyun;Jung, Min-Jung;Lee, Young-Seak;Jeong, Euigyung
    • Textile Coloration and Finishing
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.195-201
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    • 2017
  • To study the effect of oxyfluorination on water dispersion of phthalocyanine blue(C.I. pigment blue 15:3), the pigment was oxyfluorinated using various oxygen to fluorine ratio of the reactant gas. After the oxyfluorination of the phthalocyanine blue pigment, no significant change in FT-IR spectra was observed, whereas XPS spectra showed the introduction of oxygen and fluorine containing functional groups. This suggests that the oxyfluorination of the pigment only occurred on the surface of the pigment particle and resulted in no significant change in UV-Vis spectra of the pigment. However, the oxyflurinated pigments showed improved water dispersion, compared to the non-treated pigment. Especially, when the oxygen to fluorine ratio was 47:3, the water dispersion of the oxyfluorinated pigments significantly increased, compared to the non-treated pigments. This suggests that the oxyfluorination of the phthalocyanine blue pigment has a potential to be used as a water dispersion improving method.

Accumulation and Depuration of Paralytic Shellfish Poison in Marine Organisms (수산생물 종류별 마비성 패류독소 축적 및 정화)

  • Mok, Jong-Soo;Oh, Eun-Gyoung;Son, Kwang-Tae;Lee, Tae-Seek;Lee, Ka-Jeong;Song, Ki-Cheol;Kim, Ji-Hoe
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.45 no.5
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    • pp.465-471
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    • 2012
  • To compare the accumulation of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) in different marine organisms, the occurrence and variation of PSP were surveyed in blue mussel Mytilus edulis, oyster Crassostrea gigas, short neck clam Ruditapes philippinarum, bay scallop Argopecten irradians, and warty sea squirt Styela clava collected from Jinhae Bay, Korea, in 2005 and 2006 year. We also investigated the ability of the blue mussel to detoxify PSP by relaying and depuration (via the water flow or water circulation system). In the marine organisms examined, PSP levels were the highest in blue mussel, followed in order by bay scallop, oyster, short neck clam, and warty sea squirt. Comparing the maximum PSP levels in the bivalve species examined in 2005 and 2006, PSP in blue mussel was 1.6-2.0, 4.0-5.9, and 5.1-6.0 times higher than in bay scallop, oyster, and short neck clam, respectively. Therefore, blue mussel could be useful as a bioindicator for PSP monitoring. With the increasing PSP levels in blue mussel in 2006, the proportion of PSP in its digestive gland increased to 95.1% when the maximum level was detected from the whole tissues of blue mussel on May 29. Subsequently, the PSP proportion in the digestive gland decreased as the PSP level in whole tissue decreased. The detoxification of PSP in blue mussel was greatest with relaying, followed by the water flow, and water circulation systems. Relaying decreased the PSP level below the regulatory limit of $80{\mu}g$/100 g after 2 days in low toxic sample with $124{\mu}g$/100 g, and after 7 days in high toxic sample with $401{\mu}g$/100 g. During depuration in the blue mussel with $401{\mu}g$/100 g via the water flow system, the PSP amounts in the digestive gland decreased by about 50% after 1 day, and about 77% after 7 days. In contrast, the PSP amounts in the soft body, gill, and mantle did not change significantly with depuration.

The effects of LEDs and duty ratio on the growth and physiological responses of Silene capitata Kom., endangered plant, in a plant factory

  • Park, Jae-Hoon;Lee, Eung-Pill;Han, Young-Sub;Lee, Soo-In;Cho, Kyu-Tae;Hong, Yong-Sik;You, Young-Han
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.174-182
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    • 2018
  • Background: In this study, we observed their growth and physiological responses using a variety of duty ratio under the mixed light using red, blue, and white lights. The red+blue mixed light was treated with 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, and 75% duty ratios and red+blue+white mixed light with 85% and 70% duty ratios. We examined the width and length of leaves, total number of leaves, and number of shoots to examine their growth responses. The physiological responses were studied by measuring their photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, and fluorescence ($F_o$, $F_m$, and $F_v/F_m$). Results: We found that lower duty ratio caused the length and width of the leaves to grow longer under red+blue mixed light but that it did not cause any difference in the red+blue+white mixed light condition. In addition, there was no difference in the number of leaves and shoots among all treatments. In the red+blue mixed light condition, the photosynthetic rate was no difference, but both transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were the highest at 95% duty ratio than in other ratios. Water use efficiency pattern was similar to that of photosynthetic rate; water use efficiency was no difference. Chlorophyll content was the highest at 95% duty ratios, and it was the least at 90%, 85%, and 75% duty ratio. $F_o$ and $F_m$ values were relatively high at 85% and 80% duty ratio and low at 90% duty ratio while $F_v/F_m$ showed no difference. Conclusions: Under the red+blue+white mixed light, all physiological items showed no difference between 70 and 85% treatments. But, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, and $F_v/F_m$ were relatively greater in the red+blue+white mixed light than in the red+blue mixed light. Therefore, red+blue+white mixed light treated with 70% duty ratio could lessen the environmental stress and save more power when cultivating Silene capitata in a plant factory.

Application of Photocatalytic Decomposition of Methylene Blue on N-doped TiO2 (질소 도핑 TiO2의 Methylene Blue 광분해 제거에의 적용)

  • Baek, Mi-Hwa;Choi, Su-A;Kim, Dong-Su
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.707-712
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    • 2010
  • Nitrogen-doped $TiO_2$ particles have been successfully prepared using titanium tetraisopropoxide as the Ti source and urea as the nitrogen source. As-prepared nitrogen-doped $TiO_2$ was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) and ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) absorption spectra techniques. Photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) has been carried out in both solar light (UV-vis) and the visible region (${\lambda}=420nm$). Nitrogen-doped $TiO_2$ exhibits higher activity than the commercial $TiO_2$ photocalyst, particularly under visible-light irradiation because bandgap of nitrogen-doped $TiO_2$ becomes remarkably decreased.

Anaerobic Bioconversion Potential of Blue Crab Processing Waste and Wastewater(II) -Enzymatic Pretreatment for Improving the Anaerobic Bioconversion Potential of Blue Crab Processing Wastes- (꽃게(Blue Crab) 가공 식품 제조 공정상 발생된 폐수 및 폐기물의 혐기성 생분해 가능성(II) -공정상 발생된 폐기물의 혐기성 생분해 가능성 증대를 위한 효소적 전처리-)

  • Lee, Hyung-Jib
    • Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.115-126
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    • 1998
  • In use of anaerobic bioconversion shellfish wastes present special problems, since the chitinous structures in the shell faction degrade very slowly in an anaerobic environment. Enzymatic pretreatment method was evaluated for improving the anaerobic bioconversion potential of blue crab processing wastes. An enzymatic pretreatment using chitinase enhanced the ultimate methane yield and biodergradation rate constant for total crab solid wastes by 15% and 19% respectively, above those of the untreated wastes. When the enzymatic pretreatment applied to the shell fraction alone, it resulted in increase of 34% in the ultimate methane yield and 38% in the reaction rate. The results indicate that anaerobic bioconversion of these wastes is technically feasible and enzymatic pretreatment will improve the efficiency of the process.

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Study of Kinetics of Bromophenol Blue Fading in Alcohol-Water Binary Mixtures by SESMORTAC Model

  • Samiey, Babak;Alizadeh, Kamal;Mousavi, Mir Fazlolah;Alizadeh, Nader
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.384-392
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    • 2005
  • Solvent effects on the kinetics of bromophenol blue fading have been investigated within a temperature range in binary mixtures of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol with water of varying solvent compositions up to 40% by weight of organic solvent component. Correlation of logk with reciprocal of the dielectric constant was linear. Finally a mechanism was proposed for the bromophenol blue fading upon SESMORTAC (study of effect of solvent mixture on the one-step reaction rates using the transition state theory and cage effect) model, by means of this model, the fundamental rate constants of the fading reaction in these solvent systems were calculated.

Electrochromic Properties of Li+-Modified Prussian Blue (리튬이온이 첨가된 프루시안 블루의 전기변색 특성 연구)

  • Yoo, Sung-Jong;Lim, Ju-Wan;Park, Sun-Ha;Won, Ho-Youn;Sung, Yung-Eun
    • Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.126-131
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    • 2007
  • The durability problem of Prussian blue in non-aqueous $Li_+$-based electrolytes has been due to the degradation of the Prussian blue electrode matrix during the insertion/extraction processes by $Li_+$. In this work, we designed and synthesised the Prussian blue without reducing the electrochromic performance in non-aqueous $Li_+$-based electrolytes. Prussian blue was electrodeposited on a glass which has ITO coating, and the coating solution is a mixture solution of $FeCl_3\;and\;K_3Fe(CN)_6$ with deionized water added HCl, KCl, and LiCl, respectively. The durability of Prussian blue was evaluated by an in-situ transmittance measurement during a continuous and pulse potential cycling test, and measured by electroactive layer thickness due to evaluating the degradation.

미생물에 의한 치자 Iridoid 배당체 변환 청색소의 생산

  • 양승각;전기붕
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.36-44
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    • 1987
  • Seven bacterial strains capable of conversing Gardenia irridoidglucoside into blue color was isolated on nutrient agar plates with 0.1% water extracted solution of Gardenia's dryad seed. In the seven, strain No. C2 was most effective in the production of blue color. The optimal conditions in production of blue color were when initial pH of medium was 7.0 and cultivation temperature was 35$^{\circ}C$. In 5 $\ell$-Jar fermantor, the powder of blue color was produced about 15% (W/W). And the color was relatively stable in our test.

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Spectral Irradiance and Underwater Transmission Characteristics of a Combined High-Luminance Light-Emitting Diodes as the Light Source for Fishing Lamps (복수 조합에 의한 고휘도 발광 다이오드의 분광분포와 수중투과특성)

  • Choi, Sok-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.42 no.6
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    • pp.703-710
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    • 2009
  • The spectral irradiance and underwater transmission characteristics of a combined high-luminance light-emitting diode (LED) lights have been studied to evaluate suitable light sources for fishing lamps of the next generation. The wavelengths at which the irradiance was maximum were changed from 473, 501, 525, and 465 nm for blue, peacock blue, green, and white LED light to 475, 504 and 528 nm for [$F_{WB}$], [$F_{PB}$] and [$F_{GB}$] combined LED lights, respectively. If the irradiance characteristics at 400-700 nm wavelengths are set as 100%, the irradiance rates at 450-499 nm and 500-549 nm were decreased from 82.4% and 56% for blue, peacock blue LED light to 60.0%, 38.5% for [$F_{WB}$], [$F_{WP}$] combined LED lights. The underwater transmission characteristics of the combined LED lights were superior in the order [$F_{WB}$], [$F_{BP}$], [$F_{GB}$] in optical water type I; [$F_{WB}$], [$F_{PB}$], [$F_{GP}$] in optical water type II-III; and [$F_{GP}$], [$F_{WP}$], [$F_{PB}$] in optical water type 1. Setting the 10m depth underwater transmission characteristics of the combined LED lights in optical water type I at 100%, the transmission of water types II, III and 1 drops to 29.5%, 8.0% and 2.2%. Based on the distribution of spectral irradiance and underwater transmission characteristics calculated in optical water types II-III, where was the jigging ground for fishing lamps, the [$F_{WB}]$ and [$F_{GP}$] combined LED lights can be used as a suitable light sources for fishing lamps of the next generation.