• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2022

PURPOSE: This study examined the changes in the blood fatigue variables caused by isokinetic and isotonic exercise training. METHODS: Ten healthy adult males with at least one year of athletic experience participated. The participants performed the isokinetic circuit exercise program first, followed by an isotonic circuit exercise program. A two-hour break was allowed between the isokinetic circuit exercise program and the isotonic circuit exercise program. The circuit exercise program consisted of four items (Squat, Deadlift, Shoulder press, and Bench press). The blood samples were analyzed for the LDH, CPK, and Cortisol levels. RESULTS: The LDH level in the isokinetic group was significantly different from the isotonic group. In particular, the change in LDH level in the isokinetic group was 33.30% lower than that of the isotonic group. The serum CPK level of the isokinetic group showed a 10.03% lower decrease than the isotonic group, but the difference was not significant. The Cortisol level was relatively unchanged in the isotonic group, but it decreased in the isokinetic group. On the other hand, the Cortisol level did not show a significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The isokinetic group showed alleviation of the three indices, unlike the isotonic group. Further studies associated with the changes in blood fatigue variables through various exercise programs and exercise intensity will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was (a)to compare electromyographic (EMG) activities and physiological variables on the development of fatigue induced by ergometer test, (b)to determine investigate the differences in the stage of fatigue between the electromyographic characteristics and physiological variables. Nine male university students who have no musculoskeletal disorder were recruited as the subjects. The electromyographic characteristics(peak IEMG, average IEMG, median frequency, mean edge frequency) and physiological variables(HR, RPE, blood lactate) were determined for each stage(15, 30, 45, 60 minutes, all out). For each dependent variable, one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) with repeated measures and correlation analysis were performed to test if significant difference existed(p<.05). The results showed that peak IEMG, average IEMG from low extremity and physiological variables were significantly increased during the all-out stage. EMG parameters in VL, VM show significantly correlation with physiological variables during whole stages. This indicated that IEMG values may be proper parameters to determine muscle fatigue rather than physiological variables.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.152-163
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• 2003

Purpose; This study was done to investigate the effect of foot reflexology on vital signs, general fatigue, foot fatigue, mood, and blood glucose levels in noninsulin dependent patients. Method: The Research design of this study was nonequivalent control group quasi-experimental design. 18 patients were assigned to the experimental group, 24 patients to the control group. The data were obtained diaberic patients with ambulatory endocrine outpatients clinic patients from 40 years old to 70 years old. Experimental groups received foot reflex massage for 30minutes three times/week every other days, and Control groups did not received foot reflex massage. The dependent variables were blood pressure, pulse rate, visual analogue scale for general fatigue, foot fatigue, mood, and blood sugar levels. Data were analyzed with $X^2$ test, t-test and repeated measure ANOVA at .0.05 level of significance. Results: There were significant difference in the pulse rate, general fatigue, foot fatigue and mood according to group and time between pre and post foot reflexology. But this research did not prove to decrease blood sugar levels. Conclusions : Foot reflexology can imorove pulse rate, general and foot fatigue, and mood status in diabetus patients. So further research need to explore the effect of decreasing of blood sugar levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2023

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of lowintensity resistance exercise combined with blood flow restriction on muscle activity and muscle fatigue to determine if such a combination may be an alternative to high-intensity resistance exercise in maintaining the muscle mass and strength and preventing degenerative loss of skeletal muscle and to provide basic data for presenting the effectiveness of exercise. METHODS: The interventions were provided for five weeks, four sessions a week, once a day, 60 minutes a session to Experimental group I (n = 13), in which low-intensity resistance exercise was applied by combining blood flow restriction with the biceps curl and experimental group II (n = 12), in which only high-intensity resistance exercise was applied. As a pre-test, the biceps brachii muscle activity and fatigue were measured by surface electromyography, and the hemodynamic variables, such as blood pressure and heart rate, were measured. The post-test was performed identically to the pre-test and compared and analyzed with the pre-test. RESULTS: A significant difference within-group was observed in the biceps brachii muscle activity and fatigue in experimental group I and only in biceps brachii activity in experimental group II. No significant differences were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Since the low-intensity resistance exercise combined with blood flow restriction has similar effects to high-intensity resistance exercise, it is considered an alternative for improving muscle function in groups unable to perform high-intensity resistance exercise.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2006

Purpose : To identify general characteristics of school personnel with recent fatigue which was the most frequent symptom among subjective symptoms and to explore fatigue-related factors by evaluating physical and perceived health status, life style, and symptoms through data mining techniques. Methods : We collected a data of the 1,147(male 545, female 602) who were elementary, middle, or high school personnel, answered a questionnaire, and received physical examination in Seoul School Health Center from September to November in 2000. And we investigated the differences between fatigue group and non-fatigue group for demographic characteristics, physical health status, perceived health status, symptoms, and laboratory values by frequency, chi-square test, t-test, or simple logistic regression analysis by SAS package 8.1, and then selected significant variables as input variables of a decision tree analysis of CART model by SAS E-miner. Results : In general characteristics, the fatigue consisted of 41.1%(male 35.2%, female 46.4%) among 1,147 school personnel. In classical statistics, factors related with fatigue were female, lower means of systolic and diastolic pressure, young age, personnel in middle school, irregular eating habit, no exercise a week or less than 30minutes exercise a day, perception of unhealthy status, and subjective symptoms including short of breath at exercise. In simple logistic regression to examine the relationship between selected independent variables and fatigue as a dependent variable, the odds ratio of gender (female vs male) was 1.58 times, and young age ( 20s vs 60s) 20.67 times, and middle vs high school personnel 1.86 times. However, we mined combined several characteristics by SAS-E miner. In CART model, if health perception was healthy, and age was >= 37.5 years, the proportion of the fatigue was only 19.3%. but if health perception was not healthy and symptom was severe 'short of breath' during exercise and age was < 53.5 years, and BMI was >= 22.69, the proportion of the fatigue was up to 84.8%. Conclusions : The fatigue consisted of 41.1%(male 35.2%, female 46.4%). In classical statistics, fatigue-related factors among school personnel were young age, female gender, perceived unhealthy status, subjective physical symptoms, poor life-style, and lower blood pressure rather than only physical health status. However, in data mining, if health perception was healthy and age was >= 37.5 years, the proportion of the fatigue was only 19.3%. but if health perception was not healthy and symptom was severe 'short of breath' during exercise and age was < 53.5 years, and BMI was >= 22.69, the proportion of the fatigue was up to 84.8%.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.77-95
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resting periods between exercise sets during isokinetic contraction on recovery from muscle fatigue, strength, heart rate, blood pressure, and lactate level. Sixteen women performed 10 repetitions of isokinetic exercise for three sets in three different conditions. During the sets, they rested 50, 100, and 150 seconds in each condition. And the results were: 1) In this population, the peak torque of extensor during the isokinetic exercise in 100 second resting condition was significantly higher than that in 50 and 150 second resting conditions (p<.01). The total work of extensor was significant in the second and third sets in 50 and 100 second resting conditions (p<.01). 2) During the isokinetic exercise, the heart rate was progressively increased as the sets were advanced in all resting conditions (p<.01). And the increase was significant during the second and third sets than the first in 50 second resting condition (p<.01), while it was significantly greater after the third set than the first in 100 and 150 second resting conditions (p<.01). 4) No difference was found between the resting periods in blood lactate level and blood pressure during the isokinetic exercise. However, differences were found between the sets in these variables (p<.01).

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 1990

This study aims to find out the prevalence of smoking, and to analyze the effect of smoking for health status, and then to emphasize the necessity of stop smoking. The data used in this study are obtained from periodic health care programe at Health Care Center in a suburban hospital, and selected 435 males who have occupation. The independent varibles chosen for the analysis are general charactersitic variables and smoking habit. The dependent variables are designed to cover the health status of individual cases, and include blood pressure, blood cholesterol level with HDL-cholesterol and blood triglyceride level, recent symptoms and recently being managed diseases. The result of this study are summarized as follows. 1) Percentage of smoker by the age groups is highest in 4th decade, being 71.1%. The second and third ranks are 6th and 7th decades, being 53.5% and 44.4%, respectively. 2) In the view of socio-economic levels, smoking rate is higher in the groups who live at rural area and whoes occupation is labor or merchant. Smoking rate is significantly higher in the heavy drinking group. 3) Among the atherosclerotic risk factors, which include hypertension, HDL-cholesterol by total cholesterol ratio lower than 0.2 and triglyceride level higher than 200gm/dl, hypertension was not statistically associated with smoking, but others revealed statistically high association with smoking. 4) The groups who have the symptoms of severe fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, palpitation and chest tightness havepositive association with smoking. 5) The groups who have hypertension with cardiovascular diseases and gastrointestinal diseases showed highly significant association with non-smoking. 6) In relation of the smoking habit to the atherosclerotic risk factor index, smokers have more atherosclerotic risk factors, but that is not statistically significant. 7) In relation of the smoking habit to the recent symptom index, smokers have more symptoms than non-smokers with statistical significance. In conclusion, smokers have worse health status than non-smokers especially in the atherosclerotic risk factors such as hypertension or abnormal blood lipid status and have more symptoms such as severe fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, palpitation and chest tightness. And the campaingn against smoking should direct for the male in 4th decade because they have highest smoking rate.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.192-207
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of foot massage on the stress of student nurses in clinical practice. The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study were 52 student nurses from three junior colleges and one university. The subjects were assigned to one of two groups : the experimental group(26 students), and the control group(26 students). The study was conducted from October to November 1999. For the experimental group the foot massage was performed once a day for 3 days, starting from the first day of clinical practice. Subjects' mood, fatigue, blood pressure and pulse rate were measured as dependent variables. The Instrument for mood and fatigue state was a 100mm visual analogue scale. For the experimental group pre and post tests were done just before and after every 3 foot massages and on the 7th clinical practice day. For the control group pretest was done on 1st clinical day and posttest was done on clinical practice 7th day. The data was analyzed by the t-test and paired t-test and the results are summarized as follows: 1. The mood state scores were significantly higher for the experimental group as compared to the control group after the foot massage(t=13.73, p<.001). 2. The fatigue state scores were significantly lower for the experimental group as compared to the control group after the foot massage(t=8.69, p<.001). 3. The systolic blood pressure was significantly different between the experimental group and the control group after the foot massage(t=3.0073, p<.01). 4. The diastolic blood pressure was not significantly different between the experiment group and the control group after the foot massage. 5. The pulse rate was not significantly different between the experiment group and the control group after foot massage. 6. The mood state scores on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd massage day was significantly improved right after the foot massage. 7. The fatigue state scores on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd massage day were significantly lower right after the foot massage. 8. Systolic blood pressure on the 1st and 2nd massage day was significantly decreased right after the foot massage. Diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were decreased right after massage but the change was not statistically significant. On the basis of the above findings, this study suggests that foot massage can be an effective stress relieving method for student nurses in clinical practice.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.87-91
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• 1988

We studied the effects of red ginseng on blood pressure (BP) and the quality of life (QOL) in 19 hypertensive patients treated with antihypertensive agents. Red ginseng was administered at a dosage of three grams a day for three months. Systolic blood pressure was significantly lowered during the administration period of red ginseng. while diastolic blood pressure and hear1 rate remained unchanged. QOL was significantly improved in $89\%$ of the patients. Among the QOL variables. sleep disorder. thirst. fatigue. mood. sexual life and general well-being were improved. Furthermore. an improved coefficient of variation of R-R intervals $(CV_{R-R})$ was observed during the period. A month after the cessation of red ginseng systolic blood pressure returned to the level before the administration and QOL variables detariorated to previous pre-treatment states. These results suggest that red ginsing may lower systolic blood pressure and may improve QOL in patients treated with antihypertensive agents.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.19-26
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• 2008

Background: This study examines the changes in muscular strength and muscle fatigue substances when taping treatment is applied in squat exercise and treadmill exercise, in which quadriceps femoris muscles are used frequently so as to clarify the effects of taping as an aid of exercise ability improvement. Methods: 20 healthy male adults in their 20's participated in the study, in which tapes were put on their quadriceps femoris muscles, and various variables as the indicator of muscular strength and muscle fatigue substances were measured by means of the measuring tool before and after exercises. Results: the following conclusion was drawn up: 1. In exercise using muscular strength of the right knee extension, the reduction of muscular strength after exercise of the taping group showed significant statistical difference from that of the non-taping group. 2. In exercise using muscular strength of the lower limbs, the reduction of blood Glaucos after exercise of the taping group showed significant statistical difference from that of the non-taping group. 3. In exercise using muscular strength of the lower limbs, the value of lactic acid after exercise of the taping group showed significant statistical difference from that of the non-taping group. Conclusion: Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate that the application of taping treatment in sports activity or daily life where quadriceps femoris muscles are used a lot can have positive effects on the improvement of muscular strength and relief of muscle fatigue.