DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparative Analysis on Blood Fatigue Variables after Isokinetic and Isotonic Exercise Training in Elite Athletes

  • Seo, Seong-Wook (Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu University) ;
  • Kim, Kyoung (Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Daegu University) ;
  • Im, Sang-Cheol (Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu University)
  • Received : 2021.11.07
  • Accepted : 2021.12.29
  • Published : 2022.02.28

Abstract

PURPOSE: This study examined the changes in the blood fatigue variables caused by isokinetic and isotonic exercise training. METHODS: Ten healthy adult males with at least one year of athletic experience participated. The participants performed the isokinetic circuit exercise program first, followed by an isotonic circuit exercise program. A two-hour break was allowed between the isokinetic circuit exercise program and the isotonic circuit exercise program. The circuit exercise program consisted of four items (Squat, Deadlift, Shoulder press, and Bench press). The blood samples were analyzed for the LDH, CPK, and Cortisol levels. RESULTS: The LDH level in the isokinetic group was significantly different from the isotonic group. In particular, the change in LDH level in the isokinetic group was 33.30% lower than that of the isotonic group. The serum CPK level of the isokinetic group showed a 10.03% lower decrease than the isotonic group, but the difference was not significant. The Cortisol level was relatively unchanged in the isotonic group, but it decreased in the isokinetic group. On the other hand, the Cortisol level did not show a significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The isokinetic group showed alleviation of the three indices, unlike the isotonic group. Further studies associated with the changes in blood fatigue variables through various exercise programs and exercise intensity will be needed.

Keywords

References

  1. Hathaway E. Chronic disease prevention in faith-based organizations. J Pastoral Care Counsel. 2018;72(3): 159-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1542305018798572
  2. Williams DM. Exercise, affect, and adherence: an integrated model and a case for self-paced exercise. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2008;30(5):471-96. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.5.471
  3. Keogh JW, Winwood PW. The epidemiology of injuries across the weight-training sports. Sports Med. 2017;47(3): 479-501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0575-0
  4. Siewe J, Rudat J, Rollinghoff M, et al. Injuries and overuse syndromes in powerlifting. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(9): 703-11. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1277207
  5. Malina RM. Weight training in youth-growth, maturation, and safety: an evidence-based review. Clin J Sport Med. 2006;16(6):478-87. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jsm.0000248843.31874.be
  6. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(4):674-88. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000121945.36635.61
  7. Schmitz RJ, Westwood KC. Knee extensor electromyographic activity-to-work ratio is greater with isotonic than isokinetic contractions. J Athl Train. 2001;36(4):384-7.
  8. Webber SC, Porter MM. Reliability of ankle isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic strength and power testing in older women. Phys Ther. 2010;90(8):1165-75. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090394
  9. Lee SEK, Lira CAB, Nouailhetas VLA, et al. Do isometric, isotonic and/or isokinetic strength trainings produce different strength outcomes?. J Body Mov Ther. 2018; 22(2):430-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.08.001
  10. Chen CL, Chang KJ, Wu PY, et al. Comparison of the effects between isokinetic and isotonic strength training in subacute stroke patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24(6):1317-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.02.002
  11. Baltzopoulos V, Brodie DA. Isokinetic dynamometry. Applications and limitations. Sports Med. 1989;8(2): 101-16. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198908020-00003
  12. Dauty M, Menu P, Fouasson-Chailloux A, et al. Muscular isokinetic strength recovery after knee anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction revision: preliminary study. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;57(1):55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2013.10.005
  13. Munhoz da Silveira Campos R, Moreira CE, Leao da Silva P, et al. The effect of aerobic plus resistance training associated with a long-term interdisciplinary weight loss program on visceral fat and isokinetic parameters in adolescents with obesity. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020;60(6):855-63.
  14. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Sayer AA. Sarcopenia. Lancet. 2019; 393(10191):2636-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31138-9
  15. Kim JS, Kim SS, Jang KM. The effects of different exercise type for maximal exercise on RPP and blood lactate. J Korean Acad Phys Ther. 2003;10(1):149-57.
  16. Jung WS, Kim YY, Park HY. Circuit training improvements in Korean women with sarcopenia. Percept Mot Skills. 2019;126(5):828-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512519860637
  17. Buch A, Kis O, Carmeli E, et al. Circuit resistance training is an effective means to enhance muscle strength in older and middle aged adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;37:16-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2017.04.003
  18. Romero-Arenas S, Martinez-Pascual M, Alcaraz PE. Impact of resistance circuit training on neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and body composition adaptations in the elderly. Aging Dis. 2013;4(5):256-63. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2013.0400256
  19. Overgaard K, Fredsted A, Hyldal A, et al. Effects of running distance and training on Ca2+ content and damage in human muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(5): 821-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405000-00013
  20. Assenza A, Marafioti S, Congiu F, et al. Serum muscle-derived enzymes response during show jumping competition in horse. Vet World. 2016;9(3):251-5. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.251-255
  21. Ament W, Verkerke GJ. Exercise and fatigue. Sports Med. 2009;39(5):389-422. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939050-00005
  22. Beserra AHN, Kameda P, Deslandes AC, et al. Can physical exercise modulate cortisol level in subjects with depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2018;40(4):360-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0155
  23. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, et al. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods 2009;41(4): 1149-60. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  24. Chen CL, Chang KJ, Wu PY, et al. Comparison of the effects between isokinetic and isotonic strength training in subacute stroke patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24(6):1317-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.02.002
  25. Ryanton MA, Carey JP, Kennedy MD, et al. Quadriceps effort during squat exercise depends on hip extensor muscle strategy. Sports Biomech. 2015;14(1):122-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2015.1024716
  26. Bengtsson V, Berglund L, Aasa U. Narrative review of injuries in powerlifting with special reference to their association to the squat, bench press and deadlift. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018;4(1):e000382. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000382
  27. Campos YAC, Vianna JM, Guimaraes MP, et al. Different shoulder exercises affect the activation of deltoid portions in resistance-trained individuals. J Hum Kinet. 2020; 75:5-14. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0033
  28. Philippou A, Maridaki M, Tenta R, et al. Hormonal responses following eccentric exercise in humans. Hormones. 2017;16(4):405-13.
  29. Lee G. Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis. R I Med J. 2014;97(11):22-4.
  30. Meyer M, Sundaram S, Schafhalter-Zoppoth I. Exertional and crossfit-induced rhabdomyolysis. Clin J Sport Med. 2018;28(6):e92-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000480
  31. Buonocore D, Verri M, Giolitto A, et al. Effect of 8-week n-3 fatty-acid supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation in middle- and long-distance running athletes: a pilot study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020;17(1):55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00391-4
  32. Choi BS, Han SW. Effects of Resting Periods Between Exercise Sets During Isokinetic Exercise on Muscle Performances and Physiological Variables in Middle-aged Women. Phys Ther Korea. 2001;8(3):77-95.
  33. Parr JJ, Yarrow JF, Garbo CM, et al. Symptomatic and functional responses to concentric-eccentric isokinetic versus eccentric-only isotonic exercise. J Athl Train. 2009;44(5):462-8. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.5.462
  34. Munck A, Guyre PM, Holbrook NJ. Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocr Rev. 1984;5(1):25-44. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-5-1-25
  35. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Hymer WC, et al. Growth hormone(s), testosterone, insulin-like growth factors, and cortisol: roles and integration for cellular development and growth with exercise. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00033
  36. Geisler S, Aussieker T, Paldauf S, et al. Salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations after two different resistance training exercises. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019;59(6):1030-5.
  37. Brancaccio P, Maffulli N, Buonauro R, et al. Serum enzyme monitoring in sports medicine. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27(1):1-18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2007.09.005