• 핵의학기술
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.100-103
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• 2010

$^{18}F$-FDG PET 검사는 포도당 대사를 이용하여 전신의 종양을 평가하는 검사로 전처치 과정에서 혈당 측정의 중요성이 매우 높다. 혈당 수치가 높은 상태에서 FDG를 투여하면 FDG와 혈중 포도당이 세포 내 흡수에 서로 경쟁하게 되고 종양으로의 FDG 섭취가 감소되어 정확한 검사가 되지 않을 가능성이 있다. 혈당 측정에 사용되는 혈당 측정 검사지는 경우에 따라 모세혈관혈 전용 측정 검사지와 모세혈관혈과 정맥혈을 모두 측정 가능한 범용 측정 검사지로 구분되어 있는데, 정확한 혈당 측정 검사지(스트립)의 사용에 따른 혈당 수치의 차이를 비교 분석 하였다. 연구 대상은 2010년 3월부터 4월까지 서울아산병원 핵의학과에서 $^{18}F$-FDG whole body PET 검사를 시행한 환자 중 46명(남자: 32명, 여자: 14명, 평균연령 $57.3{\pm}12.3$세) 을 연구의 대상으로 하였다. 실험기기는 Abbott사의 Optium Xceed혈당 측정기를 이용하였고, 모세혈관혈과 정맥혈을 모두 측정 가능한 범용 측정 검사지를 사용하여 동일 환자의 모세혈관혈과 정맥혈의 혈당 수치의 차이를 분석하였다. 또한, 모세혈관혈 전용 측정 검사지를 사용하여 동일 환자의 모세혈관혈과 정맥혈의 혈당 수치의 차이를 비교 분석하였다. 분석방법은 MINITAB 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 paired t-test 검정을 시행하였다. 모세혈관혈과 정맥혈을 모두 측정 가능한 범용 측정 검사지로 측정한 동일 환자의 모세혈관혈과 정맥혈의 혈당 수치는 각각$95.2{\pm}12.4$ mg/dL, $104.1{\pm}14.4$ mg/dL (t=8.0, p<0.001)로 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 모세혈관혈 전용 측정 검사지로 측정한 동일 환자의 모세혈관혈과 정맥혈의 혈당 수치는 각각 $91.5{\pm}13.6$ mg/dL, $108.1{\pm}16.2$ mg/dL (t=9.2, p<0.001)로 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 선행연구에 의하면 모세혈관혈과 정맥혈의 혈당 수치는 여러 가지 이유로 인해 차이가 있는 것으로 보고 되었고 본 연구의 결과도 유사한 차이를 확인하였다. $^{18}F$-FDG PET 검사 전에 혈당 수치를 측정할 때 모세혈관혈 전용 측정 검사지로 정맥혈의 혈당을 측정하는 것은 부정확한 혈당 수치를 측정할 수 있으므로 주의해야 할 것이다. 그러므로 적합한 측정 검사지와 규정된 측정절차를 이행하는 것이 측정 편차를 줄일 수 있어 PET 검사의 전처치를 보다 명확하게 확인할 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 혈당 측정 시에 혈액 채취 부위를 모세혈관 또는 정맥혈관 중에서 항상 동일한 부위에서 측정하는 등의 표준화 과정이 필요할 것이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.449-453
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• 2002

목 적 : 동맥혈 가스 분석은 신생아 집중 치료실에서 환아의 상태를 평가하기 위해 자주 시행하는 검사이나 제대 동맥 카테테르를 이용할 수 없는 경우에는 동맥 천자를 반복해야 되는데 기술적인 어려움과 위험성이 따르게 된다. 이에 저자들은 간편히 시행할 수 있는 모세혈 가스 분석 검사로 동맥혈 가스치를 추정하는 것이 타당성을 가지는지 조사하기 위해 이 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법: 2001년 4월부터 8월까지 방지거병원 신생아 집중 치료실에 입원하여 치료받은 환아 중 2주 이상된 신생아로서 동맥내 카테테르를 삽입하지 않은 상태에서 환기와 대사 상태 평가를 위해 혈액 가스 검사를 시행한 환아를 대상으로 하였다. 대상아들은 발뒤꿈치를 가온한 뒤 모세혈을 채혈하였고 곧 이어 동맥 천자를 시행하여 얻은 동맥혈과 함께 바로 검사실로 보내어 가스 분석하여 각 수치를 비교하였다. 결 과 : 1) 조사된 24명의 신생아의 재태 연령은 32-41주로 채혈은 모두 생후 2주일 이후에 시행되었다. 2) 모세혈과 동맥혈의 $pCO_2$, pH 사이에는 높은 상관 관계가 있었다(P<0.05). 3) 모세혈과 동맥혈의 $pO_2$ 사이에도 유의한 상관관계를 보였으나(P<0.05), 절대값의 차이는 92%에서 10 mmHg 이상이었다. 4) 모세혈과 동맥혈 가스의 상관 관계는 pH, $pCO_2$, $pO_2$의 순으로 유의하였다. 결 론 : 이상의 결과로 보아 동맥혈화된 말초혈액을 이용한 모세혈 가스 분석은 동맥혈 채혈이 어려운 경우에 유용한 대체 수단이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1719-1724
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• 2002

A previously designed capillary viscometer with measuring differential pressure was modified to measure the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids including unadulterated blood continuously over numerous shear rates in a single measurement. Because of unavoidable experimental noise and a limited number of data, the previous capillary viscometer experienced an inaccuracy and could not directly determine a viscosity without an iterative calculation. However, in the present measurement there are numerous data available near the point of interest so that the numeric value of the derivative, d(In Q)/d(In Q$\sub$w/), is no longer sensitive to the method of differentiation. In addition, relatively low and wide shear rate viscosity measurements were possible because of the present precision pressure-scanning method with respect to time. For aqueous polymer solutions, excellent agreement was found between the results from the pressure-scanning capillary viscometer and those from a commercially available rotating viscometer. In addition, the pressure-scanning capillary viscometer measured the viscosity of unadulterated whole blood without adding any anticoagulants.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2010

목적 : 감염이 있는 환자들을 진단하는데 있어 CRP 검사 결과는 치료의 방향을 결정하는데 많은 도움을 준다. 하지만 영 유아에게 있어서 채혈의 어려움 때문에, 정맥혈 검사를 대채할수 있는 모세혈 채혈이 시도되고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 모세혈 채혈을 통한 CRP 검사 결과가 정맥혈 검사 결과와 차이가 있는지 비교평가 하였다. 방법 : 인하대병원 응급의료센터, 소아청소년과에 내원하거나 입원한 100명(0-14세, 남녀 47 : 53)을 대상으로 정맥혈은 Hitachi 7180$^{TM}$ (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), 모세혈은 LC-178CRP$^{TM}$ (Horiba Ltd., Kyoto, Japan, LC-178CRP)장비를 사용해 검사하였다. 통계적 분석방법은 교차분석을 통하여 정맥혈과 모세혈의 CRP 판독차이를 검정하였으며, 회귀분석 및 Bland Altman plot 방법을 통하여 일치도를 평가하였다. 결과 : 교차분석으로 모세혈과 정맥혈 검사의 CRP 판독차이를 검정한 결과 일치도는 90.63%로 유관한 관계성이 있었다(P<0.0001). Bland Altman Plot으로 분석한 결과 95% 신뢰구간의 일치 한계선내에서 측정되었다. 단순회귀모형으로 분석한 결과 기울기($\beta$)는 1.3434였으며, 결정계수($R^2$)는 0.9888로 매우 높은 선형관계를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 정맥혈에서의 값은 모세혈에서 시행한 값보다 평균적으로 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론 : 모세혈의 CRP는 정맥혈과 매우 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 일반적으로 정맥혈 검사를 하는것이 더 좋겠지만, 채혈이 어려운 경우 LC-178CRP$^{TM}$를 이용한 모세혈에서의 채혈은 정맥혈 검사를 대신할 수 있는 간편한 방법으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1036-1041
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• 2004

A newly designed pressure-scanning slit viscometer is developed to combine an optical device without refraction while measuring blood viscosity over a range of shear rates. The capillary tube in a previously designed capillary viscometer was replaced with a transparent slit, which is affordable to mount optical measurement of flowing blood cells. Using a pressure transducer, we measured the change of pressure in a collecting chamber with respect to the time, p(t), from which the viscosity and shear rate were mathematically calculated. For water, standard oil and whole blood, excellent agreement was found between the results from the pressure-scanning slit viscometer and those from a commercially available rotating viscometer. This new viscometer overcomes the drawbacks of the previously designed capillary viscometer in the measuring whole blood viscosity. First, the pressure-scanning slit viscometer can combine an optical instrument such as a microscope. Second, this design is low cost and simple (i.e., ease of operation, no moving parts, and disposable).

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2015

Objectives : This study aim to find out the reason why perspiration related with the Heart in Korean Medicine. Results : Perspiration is closely connected with the Heart because sweat is a kind of ultrafiltrate of the blood and the Heart conducts blood. In order to perspire, it is necessary to increase blood flow to capillary surrounding sweat glands. The Heart plays an important role in increasing blood flow to capillary surrounding sweat glands. Perspiration controls the body temperature. It must be increase the blood flow to skin in order that down the high body temperature. The Heart plays an important role in increasing blood flow. Conclusions : Perspiration is closely connected with the Heart because sweat is a kind of ultrafiltrate of the blood and there are plenty capillary surround sweat gland. The Heart controls the blood flow to skin in order to regulate of body temperature.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.175-185
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• 1986

The measurement of angled erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), as a replacement for perpendicular ESR, for cattle blood was scrutinized since it has been well known that perpendicular ESR in cattle is too slow to be adopted as an effective clinical test. Samples of blood were taken from 186 Korean native cattle over 2 years old. The results obtained in the experiment were summarized as follows. 1. Average values of perpendicular ESR/24hrs in 15 apparently healthy cattle, as measured by Wintrobe, Westergren and capillary tubes, were $5.8{\pm}2.2$, $11.1{\pm}3.7$ and $10.4{\pm}4.5%$ respectively, which were found to be similar to the values of perpendicular ESR/hr of normal blood of human. 2. The ESR was determined in the tubes held at 90, 75, 60, 45, 30 and 15-degree angles, using 3 types of tubes. For the diagnostic purposes, the best results were obtained from the tubes held at 45-degree angle. 3. The angled ESR values increased as the diameters of the tube-bores decreased. 4. The tube length did not affect the angled ESR(%). 5. The angled ESR values increased with the increased environmental temperature during the ESR measurement. 6. The storage temperature at $5^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$, of the blood for 24 hours did not affect the angled ESR. 7. Samples of blood were treated with 4 kinds of anticoagulants (heparin, $K_2$-EDTA, double oxalate and sodium citrate) and the ESR was determined at 45-degree angle, using capillary hematocrit tubes. The ESR values were higher in the blood samples treated with sodium citrate than in those treated with other anticoagulants. 8. By using the autologous plasma, the PCV was adjusted to be 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50ml/100ml and the ESR was determined in the capillary hematocrit and Wintrobe tubes held at 45 degrees. In both of the methods the ESRs increased as the values of PCV decreased. The regressions of ESR to PCV in both 45-degree-angled capillary and Wintrobe tubes were curvilinear. For the capillary hematocrit tubes the second degree polynomial $Y=61.9779-2.3533x+0.0228x^2$ (r=0.9999) fits the data. And in the case of Wintrobe tubes the second degree polynomial $Y=27.9767-1.1314x-0.0117x^2$ (r=0.9998) fits the data. 9. The 45-degree angled ESR was determined in the blood of 71 healthy Korean native cows using capillary hematocrit tubes. The average PCV was $35.4{\pm}3.6ml/100ml$. The observed ESR/hr averaged $7.2{\pm}2.7%$, while the corrected ESR/hr to a PCV of 36ml/100ml averaged $6.6{\pm}1.3%$. From these results it was concluded that to obtain the best results the ESR/hr of Korean native cattle should be determined at 45-degree angle at room temperature($20^{\circ}C$) using capillary hematocrit tubes.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2020

[Purpose] This study was performed to investigate the acid-base and ion balance at rest and after exercise in healthy males under normoxia, moderate hypoxia, and severe hypoxia. [Methods] Ten healthy Korean males completed three different trials on different days, comprising exercise under normoxia (F_iO₂ = 20.9%, N trial), moderate hypoxia (F_iO₂ = 16.5%, MH trial), and severe hypoxia (F_iO₂ = 12.8%, SH trial). They undertook endurance exercise for 30 min on a cycle ergometer at the same relative exercise intensity equivalent to 80% maximal heart rate under all conditions. Capillary blood samples were obtained to determine acid-base and ion balance at rest and after exercise. [Results] Exercise-induced blood lactate elevations were significantly increased as hypoxic conditions became more severe; SH > MH > N trials (P = 0.003). After exercise, blood glucose levels were significantly higher in the SH trial than in the N and MH trials (P = 0.001). Capillary oxygen saturation (S_CO₂) levels were significantly lowered as hypoxic conditions became more severe; SH > MH > N trials (P < 0.001). The pH levels were significantly lower in the MH trial than that in the N trial (P = 0.010). Moreover, H_CO_3^- levels were significantly lower in the SH trial than in the N trial, with significant interaction (P = 0.003). There were no significant differences in blood Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ levels between the trials. [Conclusion] MH and SH trials induced greater differences in glucose, lactate, S_CO₂, pH, and HCO_3^- levels in capillary blood compared to the N trial. Additionally, lactate, S_CO₂, and HCO_3^- levels showed greater changes in the SH trial than in the MH trial. However, there were no significant differences in Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ levels in MH and SH trials compared to the N trial.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2022

Purpose: The present study measured changes in arteriolar and venular capillary flow and structure in the gingival tissues during the development of plaque-induced gingival inflammation by combining dynamic optical coherence tomography (OCT), laser perfusion, and capillaroscopic video imaging. Methods: Gingival inflammation was induced in 21 healthy volunteers over a 3-week period. Gingival blood flow and capillary morphology were measured by dynamic OCT, laser perfusion imaging, and capillaroscopy, including a baseline assessment of capillary glycocalyx thickness. Venular capillary flow was estimated by analysis of the perfusion images and mean blood velocity/acceleration in the capillaroscopic images. Readings were recorded at baseline and weekly over the 3 weeks of plaque accumulation and 2 weeks after brushing was resumed. Results: Perfusion imaging demonstrated a significant reduction of gingival blood flow after 1 and 2 weeks of plaque accumulation (P<0.05), but by 3 weeks of plaque accumulation there was a more mixed picture, with reduced flow in some participants and increased flow in others. Participants with reduced flux at 3 weeks also demonstrated venular-type flow as determined by perfusion images and evidence of the development of venular capillaries as assessed by the velocity/acceleration ratio in capillaroscopic images. After brushing resumed, these venular capillaries were broken down and replaced by arteriolar capillaries. Conclusions: After 3 weeks of plaque accumulation, there was wide variation in microvascular reactions between the participants. Reduced capillary flow was associated with the development of venular capillaries in some individuals. This is noteworthy, as an early increase in venous capillaries is a key vascular feature of cardiovascular disease, psoriasis, Sjögren syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis-diseases with a significant association with the development of severe gingival inflammation, which leads to periodontitis. Future investigations of microvascular changes in gingival inflammation might benefit from accurate capillary flow velocity measurements to assess the development of venular capillaries.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.4-12
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• 2003

The present study investigated the effect of transverse vibration on the hemorheological characteristics of blood using a newly designed pressure-scanning capillary viscometer. As vibration was applied, aggregated blood cells (rouleaux) were disaggregated. The range of vibration frequency and amplitude are $0{\sim}100\;Hz$ and $0{\sim}0.8\;mm$, respectively for a capillary diameter 0.84 mm. As vibration increased, blood viscosity initially increased and tended to decrease. In order to delineate the unexpected results, the present study proposed two counteracting mechanisms of vibration related with red blood cell (RBC) aggregation affecting hemo-rheological properties. One is the reduction of RBC aggregation due to vibration causing an increase of blood viscosity. The other is forced cell migration due to the transverse vibration, which in turn forms a cell-free layer near the tube wall and causes a decrease of flow resistance.