• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.510-518
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• 2005

In this study, we investigated whether PLGA microspheres in combination with hyaluronic acid (HA) gel have appropriate properties as a bulking agent for urologic injection therapies and whether the implantation of PLGA microspheres and HA gel induces angiogenesis in the newly formed tissues. In order to investigate whether this bulking agent is injectable, this material was injected through 24-gauge needles into the subcutaneous dorsum of the mouse. The bulking agent was easily injected without needle obstruction. Histological analyses of the hybrid tissues at 2 weeks showed that host cells at the surrounding tissues migrated into the spaces between the implanted PLGA microspheres and formed tissue-like structures. An inflammatory response to the implants was mild at 2 weeks and diminished at 8 weeks. Importantly, extensive ingrowth of blood vessels was observed in the hybrid tissues formed by the injection of PLGA microspheres and HA, whereas blood vessels rarely formed in the hybrid tissues formed by the injection of PLGA microspheres only. The implant volume was conserved for almost the entire implantation period. Histological analyses of the distant organs of the bulking agent-implanted animals, such as the lungs, liver, heart, brain, kidney, and spleen, showed no evidence of the injected microsphere migration. These results show that PLGA microspheres in combination with HA possess the appropriate characteristics for a bulking agent for urologic injection therapies and induce extensive blood vessel formation in the hybrid tissues.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.552-558
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• 2013

This study was performed to determine effects of the supplementation of Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture in extruded pellets (EP) on the growth, body composition, blood chemistry and immune response of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Four hundred eighty individuals averaging 16.1 g were randomly distributed into 12, 180 L flow-through tanks (forty fish per tank). Four concentrations of Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture (KL) were prepared: Control (0%), 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5%. Three concentrations (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5%) of Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture were each diluted to 10% of EP weight and then fully absorbed by EP for 10 minutes. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 8 weeks. At the end of the 8-week feeding trial, the plasma lysozyme and bacterial activities of fish were determined. In addition, the cumulative mortality of fish was monitored for 8 days after their artificial infection with Edwardsiella tarda. The weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, hepatosomatic index and condition factor of fish were not affected by dietary supplementation with KL. None of the proximate composition, plasma parameters, lysozyme or bactericidal activities of fish was affected by dietary supplementation with KL. However, the cumulative mortalities of fish fed EP containing 0.1% and 0.5% Kimchi lactic acid bacterial culture were relatively low compared to that of fish fed the control diet. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with KL did not effectively improve growth, feed utilization, body composition, plasma chemistry, lysozyme, bactericidal activities or immune response of olive flounder after E. tarda infection under these experimental conditions.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2015

Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon, has interesting pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant. As supported by recent scientific reports on the beneficial effects of M. charantia, it is one of the most promising functional plants for diabetes today. In this study, we fermented the bitter melon with lactic acid bacteria and investigated the capability of controlling diabetic conditions by decreasing the blood glucose levels. After extracting the fermented bitter melon with hot water or ethanol, we tested several biological activities using mouse models. When we tested the efficacy of the glycemic control, the extracts of fermented bitter melon significantly lowered the blood glucose levels of the alloxan-induced diabetic mice. We also found that the lactic acid bacteria-fermented bitter melon protected liver damages from the treatment of alloxan monohydrates and maintained low levels of triglycerides and high levels of HDL cholesterol in these mouse models. These results suggest that our approach on fermenting bitter melon and the extracts of fermented bitter melon could lead to the possibility of the development of functional foods that contain the effectiveness of controlling blood glucose and lipid levels as well as preventing liver damages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1248-1254
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• 2012

The effect of silage additives on ensiling characteristics and nutritive value of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) silages was studied. Napier grass silages were made with no additive, fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB), molasses or cassava meal. The ensiling characteristics were determined by ensiling Napier grass silages in airtight plastic pouches for 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 45 d. The effect of Napier grass silages treated with these additives on voluntary feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial rumen fermentation was determined in 4 fistulated cows using $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The pH value of the treated silages rapidly decreased, and reached to the lowest value within 7 d of the start of fermentation, as compared to the control. Lactic acid content of silages treated with FJLB was stable at 14 d of fermentation and constant until 45 d of ensiling. At 45 d of ensiling, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of silage treated with cassava meal were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the others. In the feeding trial, the intake of silage increased (p<0.05) in the cow fed with the treated silage. Among the treatments, dry matter intake was the lowest in the silage treated with cassava meal. The organic matter, crude protein and NDF digestibility of the silage treated with molasses was higher than the silage without additive and the silage treated with FJLB. The rumen parameters: ruminal pH, ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), volatile fatty acid (VFA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and bacterial populations were not significantly different among the treatments. In conclusion, these studies confirmed that the applying of molasses improved fermentative quality, feed intake and digestibility of Napier grass.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.131-142
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• 1973

Studies of cardiopulmonary function and acid-base balance were performed on 29 dogs during control period, during oligemic hypotension and following return of blood to the animals. Intravenous morphine and local anesthesia were used. Fifteen of the 29 animals survived the complete experiment. The 14 animals that failed to survive the experimental period died between 15 to 90 minutes after the onset of bleeding. The results were as follows. 1. The heart rate increased after the onset of bleeding and failed to return to control level following reinfusion. Stroke volume decreased markedly after bleeding and failed to recover after return of blood from the reservoir. Cardiac output also decreased during oligemic hypotension and was maintained at this level after re-infusion. Total peripheral resistance decreased significantly immediately after bleeding, however it increased soon over the pre-bleeding level. Central venous pressure decreased after the onset of bleeding and remained at lower level for the rest of the experimental period. Arterial blood pressure, clown to 40-45 mmHg by acute hemorrhage, was elevated near to control level. Left ventricular work decreased tremendously during oligemic hypotension and failed to return to control level with the re-infusion of blood. Hematocrit value showed no significant decrease after bleeding and increased after re-infusion. Hemoglobin decreased after the onset of bleeding and recovered to control value after re-infusion. 2. The respiratory rate fell rapidly after bleeding from 124 to 29 and remained at this lower level for the remainder of the experiment. The tidal volume increased after bleeding and was maintained at this level for the remainder of the experiment. The respiratory minute volume showed no significant changes throughout the experimental period. Oxygen consumption fell lightly in all animals during oligemic hypotension and returned to normal levels following re-infusion. Arterial oxygen content and arterial oxygen saturation decreased following bleeding and the values returned to normal levels after the return of blood from the reservoir The arterio-venous oxygen difference increased after the onset of bleeding. It failed to return to normal values following re-infusion. Arterial $Pco_2$ decreased in all animals after the beginning of the bleeding. Partial pressure of $Co_2$ continued to fall until re-infusion, after which the values returned toward normal. Animals became acidotic. The pH fell to lower level following bleeding. Lactic acid and lactate: pyruvate ratio also increased during same period. Arterial pH and lactic acid failed to return to control value and lactate: pyruvate ratio increased more after re-infusion. Sodium bicarbonate decreased after bleeding and returned to control value following re-infusion.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2006

Optical-fiber sensors have been developed to determine the concentrations of glucose and lactic acid in blood samples. Fluorescence dye [tris(2,2'-biphenyridine)-ruthenium(II)-chloride (RuBPY)] was entrapped by using a silicon to the unclad tip of a glass optic fiber. Enzymes like glucose oxidase (GOD) and lactate oxidase (LOD) have been immobilized by acrylamide resin adhesive, adsorption with zeolite or covalent bonding with aminopropyl-triethoxysilan. The fiber-optic glucose/lactate sensor was then used to analyze the concentrations of glucose and lactate in blood samples. The results were compared with the results of HPLC analysis and their difference was in error by less then 5 %.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.597-604
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc aspartic acid chelate (Zn-ASP) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbial and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. Methods: A total of 160 crossbred ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc) growing pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 25.56±2.22 kg were used in a 6-wk trial. Pigs were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 treatments according to their sex and BW (8 replicates with 2 gilts and 3 barrows per replication pen). Treatments were as follows: i) CON, basal diet, ii) TRT1, CON+0.1% Zn-ASP, iii) TRT2, CON+0.2% Zn-ASP, and iv) TRT3, CON+0.3% Zn-ASP. Pens were assigned in a randomized complete block design to compensate for known position effects in the experimental facility. Results: In the current study, BW, average daily gain, and gain:feed ratio showed significant improvement as dietary Zn-ASP increased (p<0.05) in growing pigs. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter was increased linearly (p<0.05) in pigs fed with Zn-ASP diets. A linear effect (p<0.05) was detected for the Zn concentration in blood with the increasing levels of Zn-ASP supplementation. Lactic acid bacteria and coliform bacteria were affected linearly (p<0.05) in pigs fed with Zn-ASP diets. However, no significant differences were observed in the ATTD of nitrogen, energy and Zn. And dietary Zn-ASP supplementation did not affect fecal ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and total mercaptans emissions in growing pigs. Conclusion: In conclusion, dietary supplementation with Zn-ASP of diet exerted beneficial effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and fecal microbes in growing pigs.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.345-352
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• 2008

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) tubes (5 mm in diameter) were fabricated using an electro spinning method and used as a scaffold for artificial blood vessels through the hybridization of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) differentiated from canine bone marrow under previously reported conditions. The potential clinical applications of these artificial blood vessels were investigated using a canine model. From the results, the tubular-type PLGA scaffolds for artificial blood vessels showed good mechanical strength, and the dual-layered blood vessels showed acceptable hybridization behavior with ECs and SMCs. The artificial blood vessels were implanted and substituted for an artery in an adult dog over a 3-week period. The hybridized blood vessels showed neointimal formation with good patency. However, the control vessel (unhybridized vessel) was occluded during the early stages of implantation. These results suggest a shortcut for the development of small diameter, tubular-type, nanofiber blood vessels using a biodegradable material (PLGA).

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1990

To study effects of intratesticular injection of AgNO3 and latic acid solution(ALS) on castration, 50 heads of crossbred(Large Yorkshire$\times$Landrace) pigs were used. ALS(1% or 5% in concentration) was injected(0.2ml or 0.5ml in amout) to testes of pigs(weighing 7.7kg) unilaterally or bilaterally and changes of scrotum size, residual concentration of Ag, and steroid concentration in the blood were measured. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. The size of testis became swollen significantly(p<0.01) on the 3rd day after the treatment and then reduced to the same size before the treatment on the 26th day. 2. The residual concentration of Ag in the bilaterally treated pigs was similar to that of the control pigs, while it was lower in the unilaterally treated pigs than in the control pigs except the 1%-0.2ml treated pigs whose concentration was similar to that of the control pigs. 3. In 92 days after the bilateral injection, the testosterone concentration was higher significantly(p<0.01) in the 5%-0.5ml treated pigs than in the control pigs. However, in 120 days it was lower significantly(p<0.05) in the treated pigs than in the control pigs. 4. In 92 days after the bilateral treatment, the androstenedione concentration was lower significantly(p<0.01) in the 1%-0.5ml treated pigs than in the control pigs and it was also lower significantly(p<0.05) in the 1% or 5% treated pigs than in the control pigs on the 120th day after the treatment.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.94-106
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• 2009

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Wongisaengmaek-san (extracted with water or 50% ethanol) on antioxidative activity and recovery of fatigue induced by weight-loaded forced swimming exercise. Methods : Antioxidant activity of Wongisaengmaek-san was evaluated in terms of total amount of polyphenol, 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhvdroxyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and xanthine oxidase inhibition. The anti-fatigue effect of Wongisaengmaek-san was investigated using an acute weight-loaded forced swimming test by monitoring swimming test times and blood biochemical parameters creatinine. BUN, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), free fatty acid (FFA) and lactic acid (LA). Results : 1. 50% EE (ethanol extract) had 2.3 times higher amount of total polyphenol compared to water extract. 2. It was identified that 50% ethanol extract showed enhancement of xanthine oxidase inhibition and DPPH scavenging effect in vitro. 3. According to anti-fatigue effect in the scale of 5% weight loaded mouse swimming test, both water and 50% ethanol extract showed significant improvement of swimming time elongation respectively, and 50% ethanol extract induced a more positive result. 4. After swimming for 1% weight-loaded mouse. water extract and 50% ethanol showed significant anti-fatigue effect with manifestation of blood sampling among both of the intervention: 50% ethanol extract showed a greater result. Conclusions : 50% ethanol extract of Wongisaengmaek-san has more effective antioxidant activity and anti-fatigue than water extract.