• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.106-109
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• 1986

The elution of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from flexible bags into human blood or transfusion was studied. The conditions of determination of DEHP using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established as follows: Condition I-column, ${\mu}-Bondapak^{TM}\;C_{18}$; mobile phase, methanol: water=91 : 9 ; flow rate, 1.2ml/min; wavelength, 254nm; injection volume, $10{\mu}l$. Condition II-column, Lichorsorb RP-18$(10{\mu}m)$; mobile phase, methanol: water=94 : 6 ; flow rate, 1.1ml/min; wavelength, 254nm; injection volume, $10{\mu}l$. DEHP was found to be migrating from PVC blood and total parentral nutrient bags into methanol, but not into anti, coagulant drug solution.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2004

Coil embolization technique has been used recently to treat cerebral aneurysms. When a giant or a multilobular aneurysm are treated by roils, filling an aneurysm sac completely with coils is difficult and partial blocking of an aneurysm sac is inevitable. Blood flow characteristics, which nay affect the embolization process of an aneurysm sac, are changed by the locations of coils for the Partially blocked aneurysms. Blood flow fields are also influenced by the geometry of a parent vessel. In order to suggest the coil locations effective for aneurysm embolization, the blood flow fields of lateral aneurysm models were analyzed for the different coil locations and parent vessel geometries. Three dimensional pulsatile flow fields are analyzed by numerical methods considering non-Newtonian viscosity characteristics of blood. Flow rate into the aneurysm sac (inflow rate) and wall shear stress, which are suspected as flow dynamic factors influencing aneurysm embolization, are also calculated. Inflow rates were smaller and the low wall shear stress zones were larger in the neck blocked models compared to the dome blocked models. Smaller inflow and larger low wall shear stress zones in the distal neck blocked model imply that the distal neck should be the effective coil locations for aneurysm embolization.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.596-604
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• 2005

Objectives : Geopungjeseub-tang(Gufengchushi-tang) has been used in oriental medicine for many centuries as a therapeutic agent for hemiplegia caused by deficiency of qi(氣虛) and damp phlegm(濕痰). This study was performed to evaluate effects of Geopungjeseub-tang extract(GJT) on hemodynamics[regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF), pial arterial diameter(PAD), mean arterial blood pressure(MABP), heart rate(HR)] in normal rats and in rats with cerebral ischemia by middle cerebral artery(MCA) occlusion. Also, effects of adrenergic ${\beta}-receptor$, cyclooxygenase on response to GJT were evaluated. Methods : Laser-doppler flowmetry(LDF) measured changes of rCBF, MABP and HR. Video microscope and width analyzer measured changes in PAD. Results : rCBF and PAD increased after treatment with GJT(10mg/kg, i.v.) during the period of cerebral reperfusion, and pretreatment with indomethacin raised rCBF and PAD increased after treatment with GJT during the same period as above. Pretreatment with propranolol decreased rCBF, but increased after GJT treatment, but raised PAD increased after GJT treatment during this period of reperfusion. Conclusion : CR caused diverse responses were observed in rCBF and PAD after treatment with GJT. ACF action is mediated by adrenergic ${\beta}-receptor$ and cyclooxygenase. Result suggest that GJT has an anti-ischemic effect through the improvement of cerebral hemodynamics and has theraputic potential for cerebral apoplexy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.139-153
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• 1985

The passive tilt has been performed to study the orthostasis on the cardiovascular system. The orthostasis due to upright tilt was demonstrated as follows: the venous return, cardiac output and systemic arteiral blood pressure were decreased, whereas there was concomitant increase of heart rate, through the negative feedback mediated by such as the baroreceptor . Previous investigators have suggested that the tolerance to the orthostasis could he increased by blocking the cholinergic fiber with atropine which prevented vasodilation and bradycardia through the vasovagal reflex during the orthostasis. However, this hypothesis has not been clearly understood. This study was attempted to clarify the effect of atropine on the tolerance of the cardiovascular system to the upright and head-down tilt, and to investigate the change of the blood flow through head and lower leg with Electromagnetic flowmeter in both tilts before and after atropine state. Fourteen anesthetized dogs of $10{\sim}14kg$ were examined by tilting from supine position to $+77^{\circ}$ upright position (orthostasis), and then to $-90^{\circ}$ head-down position (antiorthostasis) for 10 minutes on each test. And the same course was taken 20 minutes after intravenous administration of 0.5mg atropine. The measurements were made of the blood flow(ml/min.) on the carotid artery, external jugular vein, femoral artery and femoral vein. At the same time pH, $PCO_2$, $PO_2$ and hematocrit (Hct) of the arterial and venous blood, and heart rate(HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were measured. The measurements obtained from upright and head-down tilt were compared with those from supine position. The results obtained are as follows: In upright tilt, the blood flow both on the artery and the vein through head and lower leg were decreased, however the decrement of blood flow through the head was greater than the lower leg And the atropine attenuated the decrement of the blood flow on the carotid artery, but not on the vessels of the lower leg. HR was moderately increased in upright tilt, but slightly in head-down tilt. The percent change of HR after the atropine administration was smaller than that before the atropine state in both upright and head-down tilts. Before the atropine state, RR was decreased in upright tilt, whereas increased in head-down tilt. However after the atropine state, the percent change of RR was smaller than that of before the atropine state in both upright and head-down tilts. In upright tilt, venous $PCO_2$ was increased, but arterial $PO_2$ and venous $PO_2$ were slightly decreased. Hct was increased in both upright and head-down tilts. The findings of blood $PCO_2$, $PO_2$ and Hct were not interferred by the atropine. In conclusion, 1;he administration of atropine is somewhat effective on improving the cardiovascular tolerance to postural changes. Thus, atropine attenuates the severe diminution of the blood flow to the head during orthostasis, and also reduces the changes of HR and RR in both orthostasis and antiorthostasis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.886-890
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• 1999

From previous studies, there is a strong possibility in buffaloes that the marked increase in blood volume (BV) under hot conditions contributes to heat transportation from the rectum to the skin. The present study was done to clarify changes with environmental temperature on water-shift between blood and extracellular fluid (ECF), heat distribution between the rectum and the skin, and blood flow rates (BFR) at the hind legs (reflecting the skin surface). Four buffaloes and four Friesian cows were successively exposed to three different temperatures of $20^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. BV and ECF volume were measured with Evans' blue and sodium-thiocyanate dilution methods, respectively. Rectal and subcutaneous (as the skin) temperatures were measured by copper-constantan thermocouples. BFR were measured by a supersonic blood flow meter. With an increase in environmental temperature, skin temperature in buffaloes increased significantly than cows, but rectal temperature was not significantly different between two species. BV, especially plasma compartment, increased significantly in only buffaloes, while ECF volume did not change in both species. BFR increased significantly in buffaloes, but not in cows. From these results, the increased of BV may be caused by water flowing from ECF compartment. The water-shift may induce the increase of BFR and skin temperature. It is suggested in the present study that internal changes of blood compartment in buffaloes contribute to transfer of heat to the skin surface.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5311-5316
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• 2012

Single Photon Emission Computed tomography(SPECT) was performed on 13 healthy adults (average age: 39) to investigate the changes of cerebral blood flow according to brain imaging analysis algorithm. The acquired images were filtered and reconstructed through Filtered Back Projection (FBP) and Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization (OSEM). The brain distribution data of radiopharmaceuticals were compared using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM), and the changes of blood flow was expressed in Cluster. As a result, uptake rate was increased in Sub-gyral, Sub-Lobar, Extra-Nuclear, Limbic lobe and Cingulate Gyrus, while uptake rate was decreased in Middle frontal gyrus, Inferior Frontal Gyrus and Precentral Gyrus. The discriminable SPM was shown according to cerebral blood flows in Cluster by the reconstruction algorithm.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 1976

Author has performed experimental study on hemodynamic changes of lung following radical hilar stripping and contralateral pulmonary artery ligation. In view of hemodynamic changes in group 1 (right pulmonary artery ligation only) and group 2(left hilar stripping+right pulmonary artery ligation). group 2 showed remarkable decrease rate in oxygen uptake (P<0.001) and total pulmonary blood flow(P<0.001), and the more increase rate in mean pulmonary artery pressure(P<0.02) and total pulmonary vascular resistance (P<0.001). Meanwhile, the decrease percent of left lung vascular resistance was lower than group 1(P<0.001). The hemodynamic changes in group 1 returned to control range two weeks later. In the group 2, two dogs were expired as a result of atelectasis and pulmonary hypertension. Among allying 8 dogs, five months after operation, follow up studies performed in two dogs, which showed normal pulmonary hemodynamics similar to preoperative data. The altered blood gas values and decreased oxygen uptake are more remarkable in denervated lung, which may due to pulmonary hypertension and partly retained more secretion in bronchial trees than usual. Important factors of raising pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure are considered as the increased blood flow to remaining left lung and dysfunction of pulmonary vascular bed to accept the increased blood flow after denervation. Loss of nerve innervation had a influence, to some extent, to the decrease of oxygen uptake and the increase of pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure. There can be little question that denervation does impair the pulmonary hemodynamics, however, intact pulmonary nerve innervation is not absolutely essential for survival of the animal.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.245-256
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• 2002

This studt was investigated to prove the effect of SPBST on the hypertension, the thrombosis and the brain damage. The results were as follows; 1. SPBST affected the htpertension as adepressant, but insignificant. 2. SPBST decreased significantly dopamine, aldosterone but ineffective on the epinephrine, norepinephrine and renin activity. 3. SPBST increased the NO product but insignificant. 4. SPBST had a death suppression effect by 50% in pulmonary thrombosis inducement experiment and activated slightly on the fibrinolytic activity. 5. SPBST suppressed significantly platelet diminution and prolonged insignificantly PT and APTT. 6. On the measure of the blood flow rate induced by the thrombus, in vivo SPBST accelerated the blood flow rate, in vitro insignificant. 7. SPBST had no toxicity on the PC12 cell and B103 cell induced by amyloid β protein (-35) and a protective effect, in proportion to the density. 8. SPBST decreased significantly coma duration time in a Infatal dose of KCN and showed 50% of survival rate in a fatal dose. 9. SPBST decreased significantly ischemic area and edema incited by the MCA blood flow block. These results indicate that SPBST can be used in hypertension, the thrombosis, the brain damage, the ischemic cerebral infarction and the acute stage of the brain damage. Further study will be needed about the functional mechanism and etc.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 1975

Various factors influencing the lymph flow from thoracic duct were investigated in an attempt to evaluate their contributing degree and the mechanisms. Sixteen mongrel dogs weighing between 10 and 16 kg were anesthetized and polyethylene catheters were inserted into the thoracic duct and femoral veins. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, central venous pressure, lymph pressure and lymph flow were measured under various conditions. Electrical stimulation of left sciatic nerve, stepwise increase of central venous pressure, manual application of rhythmical depressions onto abdomen, injection of hypertonic saline solution and histamine infusion were employed. Measurement of cental venous pressure was performed through the recording catheter inserted into abdominal inferior vena cava. Changes in central venous pressure were made by an air-ballooning catheter located higher than the tip of the recording catheter in the inferior vena cava. Lymph flow from thoracic duct was measured directly with a graduated centrifuge tube allowing the lymph to flow freely outward through the inserted cannula. The average side pressure of thoracic lymph was $1.1\;cmH_2O$ and lymph flow was 0.40 ml/min or 1.9 ml/kg-hr. Hemodynamic parameters including lymph flow were measure immediately before and after (or during) applying a condition. Stimulation of left sciatic nerve with a square wave (5/sec, 2 msec, 10V) caused the lymph flow to increase 1.4 times. The pattern of lymph flow from thoracic duct was not continuous throughout the respiratory cycle, but was continuous only during Inspiration. Slow and deep respiration appeared to increase the lymph flow than a rapid and shallow respiration. Relationship between central venous pressure and the lymph flow revealed a relatively direct proportionality; Regression equation was Lymph Flow (ml/kg-hr)=0.09 CVP$(cmH_2O)$+0.55, r=0.67. Manual depressions onto the abdomen in accordance with the respiratory cycle caused the lymph flow to increase most remarkably, e.g,. 5.5 times. The application of manual depressions showed a fluctuation of central venous pressure superimposed on the respiratory fluctuation. Hypertonic saline solution (2% NaCl) administered Intravenously by the amount of 10 m1/kg increased the lymph flow 4.6 times. The injection also increased arterial blood pressure, especially systolic Pressure, and the central venous pressure. Slow intravenous infusion of histamine with a rate of 14-32 ${\mu}g/min$ resulted in a remarkable increase in the lymph flow (4.7 times), in spite of much decrease in the blood pressure and a slight decrease in the central venous pressure.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.1404-1408
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• 2008

The migration and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells (VEC), which play an important role in vascular remodeling, are known to be regulated by hemodynamic forces in the blood vessels. When shear stresses of 2, 6, 15 dynes/$cm^2$ are applied on mouse micro-VEC in vitro, cells surprisingly migrate against the flow direction at all conditions. While higher flow rate imposes more resistance against the cells, reducing their migration speed, the horizontal component of the velocity parallel to the flow increases with the flow rate, indicating the higher alignment of cells in the direction parallel to the flow at a higher shear stress. In addition, cells exhibit substrate stiffness and calcium dependent migration behavior, which can be explained by polarized remodeling in the mechanosensitive pathway under shear stress.