• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2015

The emissions of ozone precursors, NOx and VOCs from a biogenic source and port-related sources (ship, shipping container truck, and cargo handling equipment) were estimated in Busan during 2013. Total biogenic isoprene emission in Busan during 2013 was estimated to be $4,434ton\;yr^{-1}$ with the highest emission (e.g., $28ton\;day^{-1}$) in summer using a BEIS method. Seasonal ozone production rates by isoprene ranged from 0.15 (winter) to 2.08 (summer) $ppb\;hr^{-1}$, contributing the predominant portion to ambient ozone levels. Total emissions of NOx and VOCs from ship traversing Busan ports were estimated to be 29,537 and $814ton\;yr^{-1}$, respectively, showing the significant contribution to total NOx emission in Busan. The emissions of ozone precursors were significantly different depending on ship tonnage and port location. Compared to the ship emission, the emissions of NOx and VOCs from the shipping container trucks in Busan were insignificant (2.9% for NOx and 3.9% for VOCs). Total NOx and VOCs emissions from the cargo handling equipment were estimated to be 1,440 and $133ton\;yr^{-1}$, respectively with the predominance of yard tractors.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.71-72
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• 2001

지난 20여년동안 정부에서 다양한 대기오염관리 정책을 시행한 결과 먼지, 이산화황 등의 오염도는 상당히 감소하였으나, 오존의 경우에는 아직도 오염도가 개선되지 않고 있다. 오존오염도를 개선하기 위해서는 먼저 전구물질인 질소산화물과 VOCs에 대한 배출현황이 파악되어야 하는데, 우리나라의 경우 아직 배출분야의 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 특히 VOCs의 경우, 외국의 선행연구에 의하면 인위적인 배출원 뿐만 아니라 식생에 의해서도 많은 양이 배출되는 것으로 알려져 있다. (중략)

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.145-151
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• 2006

As the concerns about indoor air quality (IAQ) increase in recent years, lots of research works are under way to investigate the influence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from building products on the IAQ. One of the regulations for the IAQ is the level of total VOCs (TVOCs) from building products, assuming that the TVOCs are suspected to cause many health problems such as skin irritation, asthma, and allergy. However, the presence of biogenic VOCs, or natural VOCs (NVOCs) is believed to be beneficial to human health. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate chemical species and the NVOCs compositions of solid lumbers from different wood species. It was found that major VOC components were monoterpenes such as $\alpha$-pinene, $\beta$-pinene, d-limonene, camphene, $\alpha$-terpinene, $\gamma$-terpinene etc.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.515-525
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• 2002

A field study was conducted to estimate the emission rate of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from pine trees. In addition, the influences of meteological variables on their distribution characteristics have been investigated. A vegetation enclosure chamber was designed and constructed of Tedlar bag and acril. Sorbent tubes made up of Tenax TA and Carbotrap were used to collect biogenic VOCs emitted from each individual tree. Analysis of BVOCs was performed using a GC-FID system. The fundamental analytical parameters including linearity, retention time, recovery efficiency, and breakthrough volume were examined and verified for the determination of monoterpene emission rates. Total average concentration of each component is found to be $\alpha$-pinene (16.5), $\beta$-pinene (4.61) from pine trees, and $\alpha$-pinene (42.4), $\beta$-pinene (18.7 ng(gdw)$^{-1}$ hr$^{-1}$ ) from Korean pine trees. On the basis of our study, $\alpha$-pinene was found to be the major monoterpene emitted from both pine and Korean pine trees which were accompanied by $\beta$-pinene, camphene, and limonene. In ambient air, variable monoterpene compositions of emissions from pine trees were similar to Korean pine trees. Emission rates of monoterpene from each tree were found to depend on such parameters as temperature and solar radiation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2006

The PAMS data collected at four sites in Seoul metropolitan area in 2004 were analyzed using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) technique, in order to identify the possible sources and estimate their contributions to ambient VOCs. Ten sources were then resolved at Jeongdong, Bulgwang, Yangpyeong, and Seokmo, including vehicle exhaust, LPG vehicle, petroleum evaporation, coating, solvent, asphalt, LNG, Industry & heating, open burning, and biogenic source. The PMF analysis results showed that vehicle exhaust commonly contributed the largest portion of the predicted total VOCs mass concentration, more than $30\%$ at four sites. The contribution of other resolved sources were significantly different according to the characteristics of site location. In the case of Jeongdong and bulgwang located in urban area, various anthropogenic sources such as coating, solvent, asphalt, residual LPG, and petroleum evaporation contributed about $40\%$ of total VOCs mass. On the other hand, at yangpyeong and Seokmo located in rural and remote area, the portion of these anthropogenic sources was reduced to less than $30\%$ and the contribution of natural sources including open burning and biogenic source clearly observed. These results were considerably corresponding to the emission inventory investigated in this region.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.661-678
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• 2006

Products developed in this research is a software which can transfer the type of shape(.shp) into the type of ascii using the land cover data and the topography data in the metropolitan area of Seoul. In addition, it can calculate the $CO_2$ flux according to distribution of plants within the land cover data. The $CO_2$ flux is calculated by the experimental equation which is compose of the meteorological parameters such as the solar radiation and the air temperature. The net flux was shown in about $-19ton/km^2$ by removing $CO_2$ through the photosynthesis during daytime, and in 2 ton/km2 by producing it through the respiration during nighttime on 10 August 2004, the maximum day of air temperature during the period of 3yr(2001 to 2004), in the metropolitan area of Seoul. Spatial distribution of the air temperature and the wind field is simulated by substituting the middle classification of the land cover map data, upgraded by the Korean Ministry of Environment(KME), for the land-use data of the United States Geological Survey(USGS) within the Meteorological Mesoscale Model Version 5(MM5) on 10 August 2006 in the metropolitan area of Seoul. Difference of the air temperature between both data was shown in the maximum range of $-2^{\circ}C\;to\;2.9^{\circ}C$, and the air temperature due to the land use data of KME was higher than that of USGS in average $0.4^{\circ}C$. Also, those of wind vectors were meanly lower than that of USGS in daytime and nighttime. Furthermore, the hourly time series of Volatile Organic Components(VOCs) is calculated by using the Biosphere Emission and Interaction System Version 2(BEIS2) including the new land cover data and the meteorological parameters such as the air temperature and so]ar insolation. It is possible to calculate the concentration of ozone due to the biogenic emission of VOCs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.644-655
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• 2011

VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) have adverse effects on human health and have caused serious global air pollution problems such as ozone depletion and cimate changes. The total of 56 target VOCs were selected to be monitored in this study for 4 years (2006~2009). The VOCs were measured every hour. The concentration of BTEX was higher than the other target compounds. Generally, the levels of VOCs measured in this study were higher than those measured by the other studies because Gamjeon and Jangrim monitering sites are located in industrial areas. The seasonal variations showed that the VOCs were the highest in winter. The temporal variations showed that the VOCs were high during commuting time on weekday. PMF model was used to resolve source types and source contributions of VOCs in this study. Identified sources and quantified contributions resolved by PMF were vehicle exhaust (15.22%), thinning solvent (29.83%), surface coating (17.13%), industries (13.95%), LPG vehicle (15.22%), combustion boiler (7.11%) and biogenic source (6.61%). Thinning solvent and Surface coating were the most contributed sources possibly due to manufactures and automobile garages in Gamjeon and solvent and paint manufactures in Sasang-Gu.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.48-59
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• 2023

Ground-level ozone affects human health and plant growth. Ozone is produced by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from anthropogenic and biogenic sources. In this study, two different land cover and emission factor datasets were input to the MEGAN v2.1 emission model to examine how these parameters contribute to the biogenic emissions and ozone production. Four input sensitivity scenarios (A, B, C and D) were generated from land cover and vegetation emission factors combination. The effects of BVOCs emissions by scenario were also investigated. From air quality modeling result using CAMx, maximum 1 hour ozone concentrations were estimated 62 ppb, 60 ppb, 68 ppb, 65 ppb, 55 ppb for scenarios A, B, C, D and E, respectively. For maximum 8 hour ozone concentration, 57 ppb, 56 ppb, 63 ppb, 60 ppb, and 53 ppb were estimated by scenario. The minimum difference by land cover was up to 25 ppb and by emission factor that was up to 35 ppb. From the modeling performance evaluation using ground ozone measurement over the six regions (East Seoul, West Seoul, Incheon, Namyangju, Wonju, and Daegu), the model performed well in terms of the correlation coefficient (0.6 to 0.82). For the 4 urban regions (East Seoul, West Seoul, Incheon, and Namyangju), ozone simulations were not quite sensitive to the change of BVOC emissions. For rural regions (Wonju and Daegu) , however, BVOC emission affected ozone concentration much more than previously mentioned regions, especially in case of scenario C. This implies the importance of biogenic emissions on ozone production over the sub-urban to rural regions.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.300-312
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• 2017

To improve the understanding of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photo-oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic precursors at the regional background station on Baengnyeong Island, Korea, gas phase and aerosol chemistries were investigated using the Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) and the Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), respectively. HR-ToF-AMS measured fine particles ($PM_1$; diameter of particle matter less than $1{\mu}m$) at a 6-minute time resolution from February to November 2012, while PTR-ToF-MS was deployed during an intensive period from September 21 to 29, 2012. The one-minute time-resolution and high mass resolution (up to $4000m{\Delta}m^{-1}$) data from the PTR-ToF-MS provided the basis for calculations of the concentrations of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs). The dominant BVOCs from the site are isoprene (0.23 ppb), dimethyl sulphide (DMS, 0.20 ppb), and monoterpenes (0.38 ppb). Toluene (0.45 ppb) and benzene (0.32 ppb) accounted for the majority of anthropogenic VOCs (AVOCs). OVOCs including acetone (3.98 ppb), acetaldehyde (2.67 ppb), acetic acid (1.68 ppb), and formic acid (2.24 ppb) were measured. The OVOCs comprise approximately 75% of total measured VOCs, suggesting the occurrence of strong oxidation processes and/or long-range transported at the site. A strong photochemical aging and oxidation of the atmospheric pollutants were also observed in aerosol measured by HR-ToF-AMS, whereby a high $f_{44}:f_{43}$ value is shown for organic aerosols (OAs); however, relatively low $f_{44}:f_{43}$ values were observed when high concentrations of BVOCs and AVOCs were available, providing evidence of the formation of SOA from VOC precursors at the site. Overall, the results of this study revealed several different SOA formation mechanisms, and new particle formation and particle growth events were identified using the powerful tools scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), PTR-ToF-MS, and HR-ToF-AMS.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1226-1231
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• 2011

The biogenic emission of the atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the forests is dominated by monoterpenes. This study investigated the changes in the concentration of monoterpenes distributed in various types of forest near the Gangwon Nature Environment Research Park, Hongcheon, Gangwon Province, Korea. Samples were collected from the three sites of different types of forest, including coniferous, broad-leaved and mixed forests. Additionally, the seasonal and daily changes of monoterpene compounds were monitored. Our results found the several types of monoterpene such as ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, camphene, d-limonene, p-cymene and ${\alpha}$-terpinene. The highest total concentration of terpene compounds was observed in the coniferous forest. For the summer season, the total concentration of terpene compounds was highest in coniferous and mixed forests, and that was also highest in broad-leaved forest for the autumn.