• Title/Summary/Keyword: Biodegradable coefficient

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TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE LUBRICATING OILS IN FOUR-BALL TEST

  • Nadano, H.;Nakasako, M.;Kohno, M.;Minami, I.;Noda, Y.
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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    • 2002.10b
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    • pp.369-370
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    • 2002
  • To clarify the tribological properties of biodegradable lubricating oils, the four-ball tests were carried out under dip-feed lubrication using a Soda-type four-ball machine. The test balls were lubricated with soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil and turbine oil. From the tests, the coefficient of friction for all the test balls lubricated with biodegradable lubricating oils was lower than that for the test ball lubricated with turbine oil. Further, from the calculation of the pV value, it was clear that the seizure resistance for all the test balls lubricated with biodegradable lubricating oils was higher than that for the test ball lubricated with turbine oil.

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Reaction Characteristics of Dairy Wastewater through Aerobic Biodegradability Assessment (호기성 생분해도 평가를 통한 유가공 폐수의 반응특성)

  • Choi, Yong-Bum;Han, Dong-Joon;Kwon, Jae-Hyouk
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.64-71
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the substrate of dairy wastewater through aerobic biodegradation and to use the results as the basic data for the efficient treatment of dairy wastewater. The SCODcr of the part of the matter that consisted of readily biodegradable organics (Ss) was 84.2%, which is higher than those of seafood processing wastewater (75.8~77.9%) and pigpen wastewater (58.2%). The proportion of non-biodegradable organics (SI) ranged from 5.6% to 6.4%, and the proportion of inert organics (SIi) generated by microbial metabolism ranged from 3.6 to 3.7%. The content coefficient (YI) of the non-biodegradable dissolved organic matter was in the range of 0.092 to 0.099, and the generation coefficient (Yp) of the inert substance produced by the microbial metabolism was in the range of 0.039 to 0.040. The analysis results of the organic component coefficient showed that approximately 91.0% of the dissolved organic matter of the dairy wastewater was biodegradable, and approximately 92.5% of the dissolved organic matter was the Ss component. Furthermore, the proportion of biodegradable organic matter in the total organic matter (TCODcr) was 89.3%. The proportions of non-biodegradable organics (SI) and non-biodegradable suspended organics (XI) were 3.0% and 7.7%, respectively, which are lower than those in similar wastewater. This means that the milk processing wastewater has a high aerobic biodegradability.

Measurement of Biological Activity in Pilot Scale Dyeing Wastewater Process by Using Respirometer (호흡률 측정기를 이용한 파일럿 스케일 염색폐수처리 장치에서의 생물학적 활성 측정)

  • Jeon Hyun Hee;Choi Kwang Keun;Yoon In Jun;Lee Jin Won
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.390-393
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    • 2004
  • Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was used as an indicator of microbial activity. In this study OUR at dyeing wastewater in the pilot plant was monitored to examine biological activity. Correlation between inlet COD concentration and maximum OUR showed that maximum OUR was proportional to inlet COD concentration. Changes in the OUR values reflected the changing waste load in the reactor. Consequently, OUR can be used to estimate biological activity of inlet COD concentration. This study showed that biodegradable COD at dyeing wastewater could be calculated from OUR and yield coefficient. Non-biodegradable COD was able to be calculated from a difference between initial COD concentration and biodegradable COD.

Physical Properties of Pulp Extrudates Mixed with Expanding Additives (팽연보조재 혼합에 따른 펄프압출물의 물리적 특성)

  • Song D. B.;Kim C. H.;Jung H. S.;Lee Y. M.
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.30 no.5 s.112
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    • pp.285-292
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    • 2005
  • Extrusion process and physical properties of extrudates of pulp powder (TMP, thermomechanical pulp fibers) mixed with expanding additives was evaluated to develop biodegradable packaging materials. To find out the optimum condition, the status of extrusion process, coefficient of elastic and expansion ratio of extrudates were tested on the composites (wheat flour, soluble starch, polyvinyl alcohol), blending conditions of composites and moisture contents of extrudates. In case of material composition, wheat flour played a key role to keep extrusion process irrespective of the added amounts of soluble starch and polyvinyl alcohol. The coefficient of elastic of extrudates was increased and the expansion ratio was reduced as the added amounts of wheat flour increased. Also, the coefficient of elastic of extrudates was decreased as the moisture content of extrudates increased. The lowest coefficient of elastic was 439.55 kPa under the condition, of pulp powder mixed with $20\%$ of wheat flour based on pulp weight and $10\%$ of soluble starch based on wheat flour weight and controlled $20\%$(wb) of moisture content.

Evaluating the Potential Decolorization by Testing COD Fractions in Textile Wastewater Treatment Processes (염색폐수 처리공정에서 COD fraction의 변화와 색도처리)

  • Ha, Junsoo;Park, Hoowon;Kim, Sungwon;Yun, Yejin;Yu, Sungwhan;Lee, Sanghyup
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.24 no.5
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    • pp.537-542
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    • 2008
  • Textile industry has been recognized as an important pollution source due to its consumption of large volumes of water and chemicals. Textile wastewater contains very diverse chemicals in types and composition, among them the presence of dyes is highly visible and undesirable. In spite of these problems, there has not been a proper control for the wastewater because many dyes are difficult to be degraded or decolorized due to their complex structure and synthetic characteristics. This study has been progressed to evaluate more easily the potential decolorization of advanced treatment processes. It has been surveyed with the Y textile complex wastewater treatment plant, the raw wastewater has appeared very difficult biodegradability by 4.7 of $CODcr/BOD_5$ and 1,158.9 degree of color. In view of CODcr fractions, biodegradable COD portion was 46.4%, colloidal COD and real soluble COD was 45.3% and 31.5% each others. From research on unit processes, the degradable coefficient (k) became from 0.065 to $0.125d^{-1}$ by the processes, the decolorization appeared best efficiency by 30.1% (458.4 degree) in pre-ozone process. On the effluent from the biological process, the filterable CODcr became 129.3 mg/L, the biodegradable portion appeared 64.7% (83.6 mg/L), and the fixed dissolved solid (FDS), non-reactivity (NR), appeared very heavy portion by 80.5% (1,659.0 mg/L).

Comparative Study of Spray Drying Method and Solvent Evaporation Method for Preparation of Biodegradable Microspheres Containing Nicotine and Triamcinolone Acetonide (니코틴과 트리암시놀론 아세토니드를 함유하는 생분해성 마이크로스피어의 제조시 분무건조법과 용매증발법의 비교)

  • Park, Sun-Young;Cho, Mi-Hyun;Lee, Jeong-Hwa;Kim, Dong-Woo;Jee, Ung-Kil
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.257-263
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    • 2001
  • The microspheres have been developed as a new drug delivery system. Although many particulate drug carriers, such as liposome, niosome and emulsion, have been introduced, injectable and biodegradable microspheres appears to be a particularly ideal delivery system because the local anesthesia is not necessary for the insertion of large implants and for the removal of the device after the drug release is finished. Biodegradable microspheres with nicotine and triamcinolone acetonide are prepared and evaluated. As biodegradible polymers, PLA (M.W. 15,000, PLA-0015), PLGA (M.W. 17,000, RG 502) and PLGA (M.W. 8,600, RG 502H) are used. This study attempted to prepare and evaluate the nicotine and triamcinolone acetonide-incorporated microspheres, which were prepared by two methods, solvent-evaporation and spray-drying methods. The microspheres, as a disperse system for injections, were evaluated by particle size, size distribution, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release patterns. The differences of preparation method, partition coefficient, types of polymer, and preparation conditions of microspheres influence the particle size, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release patterns.

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Nitrogen Removal and Behavior of Soluble Microbial Products (SMP) in the MBR Process with Intermittent Aerobic Condition

  • Cha, Gi-Cheol;Myoung Hwang
    • Korean Membrane Journal
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2001
  • A lab-scale submerged membrane bio-reactor (MBR) with intermittent aeration was carried out for investigating the behavior of soluble microbial products (SMP). The SMP concentration of mixed liquor at Run 1 accumulated immediately at the end of running and biodegradable SMP converted into non-biodegradable SMP, but it did not occurred at the Run 2 and 3. The SMP formation coefficient (k) at the anoxic phase was a little higher than oxic phase, and the lowest k was investigated at Run 3. The combination of biological denitrification with the MBR Process was advantageous in the prevention of membrane bio-fouling.

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Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Non-biodegradable Organic Pollutants in the Geumho River System (금호강 수계 난분해성 유기오염물질에 대한 시·공간적 특성 분석)

  • Jung, Kang-Young;Ahn, Jung-Min;Lee, Kyung-Lak;Lee, In-Jung;Yu, Jae-Jeong;Cheon, Se-Uk;Kim, Kyo-Sik;Han, Kun-Yeun
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.24 no.11
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    • pp.1343-1362
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    • 2015
  • As a result of analysis based on the observed data for BOD, COD and TOC in order to manage non-biodegradable organics in the Geumho River, COD/BOD ratio was analyzed as the occupying predominance proportion. In this study, the classification(changes in water quality measurement : increase, equal, decrease) and measurement of BOD and COD were analyzed for trends over the past 10 years from 2005 to 2014 in the Geumho River. The Geumho River is expected to need non-biodegradable organics management because BOD was found to be reduced 61.1% and COD was found to be increased 50%. As a result of the analysis of land use, the Geumho-A is a unit watershed area of $921.13km^2$, which is the most common area that is occupied by forests. The Geumho-B is a unit watershed area of $436.8km^2$, which is the area that is highest occupied by agriculture and grass of 24.84%. The Geumho-C is a unit watershed area of $704.56km^2$ accounted for 40.29% of the entire watershed, which is the area that is occupied by urban of 15.12%. Load of non-biodegradable organics, which is not easy biodegradable according to the discharge, appeared to be increased because flow coefficient of COD and TOC at the Geumho-B were estimated larger than 1 value. The management of non-point sources of agricultural land is required because the Geumho-B watershed area occupied by the high proportion of agriculture and field. In this segment it showed to increase the organics that biodegradation is difficult because the ratio of BOD and TOC was decreased rapidly from GR7 to GR8. Thus, countermeasures will be required for this.

Upgrading the Measurement Method of Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon in Natural Water or Drinking Water (자연수 및 먹는 물 중의 생물학적 분해가능한 용존유기탄소의 측정방법 개선에 관한 연구)

  • 이윤진;윤재섭;박준석;남상호
    • Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.34-41
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    • 2001
  • It is well known that bioassay on the low organic matters in water have developed from the two methods. One is assimilable organic carbon(AOC) that makes use of the maximum growth biomass of the pure strains for the standard substrates, the other is biodegradable dissolved organic carbon(BDOC) that determines the fraction of dissolved organic carbon(DOC) available for microbial utilization. The purpose of this study was to upgrade the measurement method of BDOC in natural water or drinking water. BBOC was determined by means of the bacterial growth and the DOC decrease at the same time. The origin inoculums were used to the suspended bacteria from Han River water, The initial optimum biomass and incubation time for initial DOC were induced by variation of nutrient repression and inoculums. The time reached to minimum DOC was selected as incubation time. The initial optimum biomass for Han river water was about 1000~5000 CFU/mL, respectively. In a sufficient biomass, suitable incubation time was about 3~5 day. It was indirectly calculated BDOC on maximum growth rate by measuring growth yield of indigenous bacteria. But it was difficult to adapt growth yield coefficient because of irregular bacterial growth. The measured 3 day BDOC was close to BDOC calculated with our proposed experimental equation between DOC and BDOC. It shows that the quantification of BDOC with this experimental equation can be used indirectly.

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Substrate Removal Condition in Activated Sludge Process of Wastewater from Acetaldehyde Manufacturing Plant (Acetaldehyde폐수의 활성오이법에 의한 기질제거조건)

  • 금영일;금두조
    • Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.107-116
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    • 1993
  • This study is conducted to investigate treatability by activated sludge process for wastewater from acetaldehyde manufacturing plant. The optimum hydraulic retention time in aeration tank for removal of high strength substrate were measured. The removal efficiency were checked out by hydraulic retention time : 35hr., 40hr. and 45hr., respectively. $COD_{Cr}$, like substances were removed in all hydraulic retention time zone directed for efficiency, but non-biodegradable substances were remained. $COD_{Cr}$ biomass loading was 0.81kg $COD_{Cr}/kgMLVSS$ . day at 35hr. of retention time, 0.34 kg$COD_{Cr}$/kg MLVSS . day at 40hr., and O.l9kg$COD_Cr$/kgMLVSS . day at 45hr. And the mean $COD_{Cr}$, removal efficiency was 65.5%, 81.6% and 83.0%, respectively. And also $COD_{Cr}$, volume loading was 1.01kg$COD_{Cr}/m^3$ day, 0.87kg$COD_{Cr}/m^3$ - day, and 0.79kg$COD_{Cr}/m^3{\cdot }$day, respectively. The basic design parameter obtained is as fallows. The value of Specific substrate removal rate coefficient (k), Yield coefficient(Y) and Decay coefficient($k_d$) was $0.0013day^{-1}$, $0.505kgMLVSS/kgCOD_{Cr}$ and $0.040day^{-1}$, respectively.

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