• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 1983

The Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) indicates that microbes are proliferating or that oxygen is being spent by breathing action when examining water under the same aerobic condition. In this research of the mesurement of BOD are the poisonous elements of heavy metal ions such as Cu-ion, Cr-ion, Pb-ion and Zn-ion. They exert an unfavorable influence in the analysis of BOD and research was performed to provide certain data of minimum negative influence by the poisonous matters. The results of the research confirm that heavy metal ion(Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn) do direct an influence upon the normal growth of aerobic microbes in actual tests of chemical analysis of portable water or sewage. The most critical concentration for a negative effect on lowering oxygen quantity and disturbing the aerobic mocrobes normal growth was found to be 0.01 mg/l. Therefore, test results are not valid if the heavy metal concentration is to or greater than 0.0mg/l, To improve comprehension through out the research the author uses the following abbreviations: 1. The Cu-ion is to be excluded before experimental analysis if it is over 0.01mg/l inorder to obtain a real value for the BOD. 2. The Cr-ion is to be excluded before experimental analysis if it is over 0.01mg/l in order to obtain a real value for the BOD. 3. The Pb-ion is to be excluded before experimental analysis if it is over 0.01mg/l in order to obtain a real value for the BOD. 4. The Zn-ion is to be excluded before experimental analysis if it is over 0.01mg/l in order to obtain a real value for the BOD.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 2010

Although an adequete intake of calcium (Ca) is recommended for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, the intake of Ca should be restricted because of its low rate of intestinal absorption. The purpose of this experiment was to identity the effect of the combined administration of Aquamin F (AQF) (a calcium agent) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on osteoporosis. Thirty ovariectomized (OVX) rats and six control rats were assigned to the following six groups, with six animals per group: sham Ca-deficient diet (Ca-D), OVX, LAB, AQF, and LAB-AQF. During the experiment, the body weight was measured; and after the experiment was completed, the serum biochemical analysis, the alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus leves were measured. The tissue of the femur was stained and then scanned via CT. The body weight of the OVX group increased more significantly than that of the control group. The results of the bone mineral content (BMC), Bone mineral density (BMD), serum biochemical analysis and histological test on the femur epiphysis showed no difference between the OVX group and the LAB group, whereas the results of the AQF group were more significant than those of the OVX group. In particular, the LAB+AQF group showed more significant increases in the aforementioned results than the AQF group. This experiment showed that the combined administration of AQF and LAB in ovariectomized rats more significantly increased bone density than did a single administration of either AQF or LAB.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.56-64
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• 2008

Anaerobic biodegradability (AB), which can be determined with the ultimate methane yield by the decomposition of organic materials, is one of the important parameters for the design and the operation of anaerobic digestion plant. In this study, Biochemical methane potential (BMP) test has been carried out to evaluate the methane yields of animal manures such as pig and cattle slurries, and different forage crops cultivated at the reclaimed tideland such as maize, sorghum, barley, rye, Italian ryegrass (IRG), rape, rush, and waste sludge produced from slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant (SSWTP). In the ultimate methane yield and biodegradability of animal manure, those of pig slurry were 345 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ and 44.7% higher than 247 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ and 46.4% of cattle slurry (Cat. 2). The ultimate methane yield and biodegradability of spike-crop rye (Rye 1) were 442.36 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ and 86.5% the highest among different forage crops, those of the other forage crops ranged from 306.6 to 379 $mlCH_4/gVS_{fed}$ of methane yield with the AB having the range of about 60 to 77%. Therefore the forage crops could be used as a good substrate to increase the methane production and to improve the biodegradability in anaerobic co-digestion together with animal manure.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.186-192
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• 2017

In this study, water in oil (W/O) emulsion fuel was prepared with surfactant mixture of OIMS90 and NP12 by varying ratio of water to bunker-C oil, surfactant concentration and composition, emulsification time, stirring intensity, temperature and mixing time. Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions were measured and analyzed with prepared emulsified fuel and compared with those measured using bunker Coil. The results indicated that bunker C emulsion fuel stabilized by surfactant mixture of OIMS90 and NP12 is efficient in reducing emissions of particulate matter, $NO_2$, CO, $CO_2$ and $SO_2$. The biggest reduction in exhaust emission was achieved by using emulsion fuel prepared by OIMS90/NP12 = 4 : 6, 500 ppm of total surfactant concentration and 10% water content at $80^{\circ}C$. Boiler efficiency test measured with emulsion fuel showed excellent energy efficiency compared with bunker C oil.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.239-250
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• 2000

Sixty-eight clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from inpatients of 2 university hospitals in Taegu were epidemiologically analyzed by using the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 25 antimicrobial drugs, biochemical reaction, pulsed-field gel elctropgoresis (PFGE), and PCR with enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences as primer (ERIC-PCR). 1. All the strains were susceptible to minocycline. More than 57% were susceptible to sulfisomidine (Su), ciprofloxacin (Ci), Ofloploxacin (Of), nalidixic acid (Na), and chloramphenicol (Cm), and $19{\sim}35%$ to ceftazidime (Cd), trimethoprim (Tp), Ticacillin-clavulanic acid, and cefoperazone-sulbactam. Most isolates were resistant to ${\beta}$-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin (Ap), carbenicillin (Cb), cefotaxim (Ct), cefoxitin (Cx), and aminoglycosides including gentamicin (Gm), tobramycin (Tb), amikacin (Ak). 2. All the isolates were multiply resistant of 5 to 17 drugs and showed 40 different resistance pattern types. 3. All the strains showed very similar biochemical reactions except ${\beta}$-galactosidase and nitrate reduction test. Fourteen strains selected randomly were classified 10 different pattern type by PFGE and ERIC-PCR. These two methods showed identical result. Four strains isolated from wound in 1994 showed similar MIC pattern and identical API 20NE profile, PFGE, and ERIC-PCR pattern indicating episodes of cross-infection among patients. These results indicate that PFGE or ERIC-PCR profile has comparable discriminatory power for epidemiological typing of S. maltophilia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.864-873
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• 2013

In developing countries, biogas energy production is seen as a technology that can provide clean energy in poor regions and reduce pollution caused by animal manure. Laboratories in these countries have little access to advanced gas measuring equipment, which may limit research aimed at improving local adapted biogas production. They may also be unable to produce valid estimates of an international standard that can be used for articles published in international peer-reviewed science journals. This study tested and validated methods for measuring total biogas and methane ($CH_4$) production using batch fermentation and for characterizing the biomass. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) ($CH_4$ NL $kg^{-1}$ VS) of pig manure, cow manure and cellulose determined with the Moller and VDI methods was not significantly different in this test (p>0.05). The biodegradability using a ratio of BMP and theoretical BMP (TBMP) was slightly higher using the Hansen method, but differences were not significant. Degradation rate assessed by methane formation rate showed wide variation within the batch method tested. The first-order kinetics constant k for the cumulative methane production curve was highest when two animal manures were fermented using the VDI 4630 method, indicating that this method was able to reach steady conditions in a shorter time, reducing fermentation duration. In precision tests, the repeatability of the relative standard deviation (RSDr) for all batch methods was very low (4.8 to 8.1%), while the reproducibility of the relative standard deviation (RSDR) varied widely, from 7.3 to 19.8%. In determination of biomethane concentration, the values obtained using the liquid replacement method (LRM) were comparable to those obtained using gas chromatography (GC). This indicates that the LRM method could be used to determine biomethane concentration in biogas in laboratories with limited access to GC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1121-1127
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• 2002

Sixteen crossbred (Bos indicus${\times}$Bos taurus) calves were randomly distributed in two groups (NP and LP) of eight calves each to study the effect of restricted (75%) protein supply on growth and immuno-biochemical response as an indicator of production and health of under-nourished animals during 3 to 9 months of age. The normal requirement of protein was provided to group NP and a less of 25% to group LP through calculated amount of concentrate and roughage in their daily ration. Assessment was made for weekly change in live weight, periodic alteration in blood metabolites and immunological status at six months of age in calves. An initial (during 3 to 6 months of age) depression (p<0.05) in growth was seen in low protein fed group (LP) compared to NP, which became non-significant in the later period of life (6 to 9 months of age). There was no significant effect on haemoglobin, total protein, albumin and globulin concentration except that of urea, which was decreased significantly (p<0.05) in animals fed on low protein diet ($19.83{\pm}1.25$ vs $25.93{\pm}1.29mg/dl$). The treatment effect that was seen in different periods of life was not uniform for other parameters except for urea, which showed a regular depression in LP compared to NP. The assessment of immunological status by indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test against Pasteurella multocida (P52 strain) was considerably (p<0.05) reduced in animals on LP ration compared to those on NP. It is thus argued that with poor nutrition (low protein) and state of compromised immunological response the production and health of the animals will be adversely affected.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1284-1293
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the effect of aromatherapy on skin xerosis and pruritus in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Twenty one subjects of this study were selected from St. Paul's Hosipital in Seoul. All the subjects were received the mineral oil massage at the arm without fistular three timesper week for 4 weeks. After 2 weeks period of wash-out, the subjects were received the aromatherapy of lavender and tea tree essence oil in the same way. This study was carried out from March 20 to June 13, 1998. Pruritus score, skin pH and stratum corneum hydration were measured before and after each treatment. But, biochemical parameters were measured before the treatment of the mineral oil massage, after the treatment of the mineral oil massage and the aromatherapy. Data of this study were analyzed by paired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni multiple comparisons and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results were as follows ; 1. Pruritus score was significantly decreased after the aromatherapy, while no significant change after the treatment of the mineral oil massage. Therefore, there was a significant difference in the priritus score between the two treatments. 2. Stratum corneum hydration was significantly increased after the aromatherapy, while no significant change after the treatment of the mineral oil massage. Therefore, there was a significant difference in the stratum corneum hydration between the two treatments. 3. Skin pH was significantly increased after the treatment of the mineral oil massage, while no significant change after the aromatherapy. Therefore, there was no significant difference in the skin pH between the two treatments.4. After the aromatherapy, the serum calcium was significantly increased. Whereas the serum parathyroid hormone intact was significantly decreased compared with the treatment of the mineral oil massage. But the level of the serum Ca and PTH-intact were within the normal range. 5. Stratum corneum hydration was decreased corresponding to the duration of hemodialysis, while pruritus score and skin pH showed no change corresponding to the duration of hemodialysis and the age of the subjects. The correlation of pruritus score on skin pH, stratum corneum hydration and biochemical parameters was not significant. In conclusion, this findings indicate that aromatherapy may be effective in decreasing skin xerosis and pruritus score in uremic pruritus patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.257-272
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• 2006

Objective : In this study, the ability of Oriental medicine Samultanggamibang(SMTG) to induce apoptosis was investigated in B16F10 melanoma cells. Method : Tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay was performed for cytotoxicity test. Several new assays for the basis of biochemical events associated with apoptosis such as DNA fragmentation by a flow cytometry, caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage by Western blotting should be carried out potentially useful for the basis of biochemical events associated with apoptosis such as a flow cytometry and caspase-3 activation. Results : (1) The number of B16F10 melanoma cells was less than 30 % after exposure to 1 mg/ml SMTG for 48 h. SMTG increased cytotoxicity of B16F10 melanoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. (2) The percentage of apoptotic cells by flow cytometric analysis of the DNA-stained cells increased to 21 % at 24 h and 25 % at 48 h after treatment with 1 mg/ml SMTG. (3) SMTG-induced apoptosis was accompained by the activation of caspase-3 and the specific proteolytic cleavage of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase. (4) SMTG induces the activation of caspase-3 and the specific proteolytic cleavage of poly-ADP-ribose polymearse and eventually leads to apoptosis through c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK)-dependent manner in B16F10 melanoma cells. Conclusion : SMTG had a strong cytotoxic effect of B16F10 melanoma cells.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.994-999
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• 2010

Purpose: Mitochondrial dysfunction can present with various symptoms depending on the organ it has affected. This research tried to analyze the ophthalmologic symptoms and ophthalmologic examination (OE) results in patients with mitochondrial disease (MD). Methods: Seventy-four patients diagnosed with mitochondrial respiratory chain complex defect with biochemical enzyme assay were included in the study. They were divided into 2 groups based on the OE results by funduscopy and were analyzed on the basis of their clinical features, biochemical test results, morphological analysis, and neuroimaging findings. Results: Thirty-seven (50%) of the 74 MD patients developed ophthalmologic symptoms. Abnormal findings were observed in 36 (48.6%) patients during an OE, and 16 (21.6%) of them had no ocular symptoms. Significantly higher rates of prematurity, clinical history of epilepsy or frequent apnea events, abnormal light microscopic findings in muscle pathology, diffuse cerebral atrophy in magnetic resonance imaging, and brainstem hyperintensity and lactate peaks in magnetic resonance spectroscopy were noted in the group with abnormal OE results. Conclusion: Although the ophthalmologic symptoms are not very remarkable in MD patients, an OE is required. When the risk factors mentioned above are observed, a more active approach should be taken in the OE because a higher frequency of ocular involvement can be expected.