• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.243-253
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• 2009

This research expands investigations into the biomass resource potential associated with California's food processing industry by surveying industries within a two county region in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. A previous survey conducted in 2005 for the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) quantified residue and waste generation from food processors and food preparation businesses in the Sacramento region. The present survey investigates residue and waste streams from food processors located in Merced and Stanislaus Counties. Sixty food processors were identified to participate in the survey, of which 49 responded (82%) and data were acquired for 38 (63%) (6 facilities closed or moved, 8 decided not to participate). Within the two counties, total annual waste among survey respondents amounted to 24,044 dry tons of high moisture (${\geq}$60%) food residuals, 5,358 dry tons of low moisture (<60%) food residuals; and 23.7 million $m^3$ of wastewater containing 38,814 tons of biochemical oxygen demand ($BOD_5$). The total potential electric power generation from these food residues was estimated at approximately $7\;MW_e$. Total solid waste resource included in the survey response was estimated at about 10% of statewide residue generation for processors falling within the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System Major Group 20 (Food and Kindred Products) categories.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2014

Biosensors consist of biochemical recognition agents like antibodies immobilized on the surfaces of transducers that change the recognition into a measurable electronic signal. Here we report a piezoelectric immunosensor made to detect Vibrio vulnificus. A 9MHz AT-cut piezoelectric wafer attached with two gold electrodes of 5mm diameter was used as the transducer of the QCM biosensor with a reproducibility of ${\pm}0.1Hz$ in frequency response. We have tried different approaches to immobilize antibody on the sensor chip. Concerning the orientation of antibody for the best antigen binding capacity, the antibody was immobilized by specific binding to protein G or by cross-linking through hydrazine. In addition, protein G was cross-linked on glutaraldehyde activated immine layer (PEI) or EDC/NHS activated sulfide monolayer (MPA). PEI was found to be more effective to immobilize protein G following glutaraldehyde activation than MPA. However, hydrazine chip showed a better capability to immobilize more IgG than protein G chip and a higher sensitivity. The sensor system was able to detect V. vulnificus in dose dependent manner and was able to detect bacterial cells within 5 minutes by monitoring frequency shifts in real time. The detection limit can be improved by preincubation to enrich the bacterial cell number.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate repeated-dose toxicities of CONP01 in Sprague-Dawley rats. CONP01, a new antiarthritic agent was administered orally to rats at dose levels of 0, 125, 500 and 2,000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. In present study, there were no dose response changes in mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, organ weights, urine analysis, hematological findings, and biochemical examination of all animals treated with CONP01. Gross and histopathological findings revealed no evidence of specific toxicity related to CONP01. These result suggest that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of CONP01 may be over 2,000 mg/kg in rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.339-348
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• 2004

Paecilomyces sinclairii was administered ad libitum feeding at percentage levels of 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 percentage (calculated about 8 g/kg)/feeder for a period of 3 months. There was no observed clinical signs or deaths related to treatment in all groups tested. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose of P. sinclairii was considered to be higher than 8 g/kg in rats. Mild decreases in body weight gain were observed dose-dependently in P. sinclairii treated groups in dose response manner after 2 weeks. Interestingly, the weight of abdominal adipose tissues surrounding epididymides were greatly reduced by this Dongchunghacho, in parallel with the mild increase in body weight gain. However, the absolute weight change of other organs was not observed. There were not significantly different from the control group in urinalysis, ocular examination, hematological, serum biochemical value and histopathological examination. From these results, it is concluded that the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of P. sinclairii is less than 1.25% (1 g/kg) in rats in the present study.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2007

1, 1-dichloroethylene (DCE) is well known hepatotoxicant as a model acute hepatotoxicity and selectively injure the bile canalicular membrane of centrilobular hepatocytes. In this study, we investigated hepatic gene expression and histopathological changes in response to DCE treatment. DCE was administered once daily at 20 mg/kg up to 14 days via intraperitoneal injection. Five mice were used in each test group and were sacrificed at 1, 7, and 14 days. Serum biochemical and histopathological analysis were performed for evaluation of hepatotoxicity level. Direct bilirubin and total bilirubin activities were slightly elevated in treated group at 7 days. DCE treatment for 7 days resulted in centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy and hepatocyte vacuolation, and mild hepatocyte vacuolation and high hepatocyte basophilia were observed in 14 days treated group. One hundred twenty three up-regulated genes and 445 down-regulated genes with over 2-fold changes between treated and control group at each time point were used for pathway analysis. These data may contribute in understanding the molecular mechanism DCE-induced hepatotoxicity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.381-381
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• 2000

Lectin binding assay was conducted on 3 A. tamarense isolates (AT-A, AT-2 and AT-6). Fatty acid composition of all 3 isolates was analyzed, and total carotenoid content and $\beta$-carotene were also determined. AT-A and AT-2 treated with different lectins in this study showed the positive response, whereas potentially toxic AT-6 did not bind DBA lectin, regardless of different growth phase, but conjugated ConA, PNA, RCA, SBA, UEA and WGA. It is possible that DBA is a desirable method for rapid and easy discrimination of highly toxic A. tamarense. AT-A, AT-2 and AT-6 comprised saturated fatty acids (49.0-61.9%), monounsaturated fatty acids (8.0-20.5%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (23.2-30.5%). In particular, 22:6 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid in AT-6 had a high abundance, compared with AT-A and AT-2. However, carotenoid content and $\beta$-carotene were not contributed to discriminate each isolate. Due to variability in biochemical composition at different isolates, possibly DBA and 22:6 (n-3) polyunsaturate fatty acid provide a good information for discrimination of AT-6.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2011

The native extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of an integrated fibrous protein network and proteoglycan-based ground (hydrogel) substance. We designed a novel electrospinning technique to engineer a three dimensional fiber-hydrogel composite that mimics the native ECM structure, is injectable, and has practical macroscale dimensions for clinically relevant tissue defects. In a model system of articular cartilage tissue engineering, the fiber-hydrogel composites enhanced the biological response of adult stem cells, with dynamic mechanical stimulation resulting in near native levels of extracellular matrix. This technology platform was expanded through structural and biochemical modification of the fibers including hydrophilic fibers containing chondroitin sulfate, a significant component of endogenous tissues, and hydrophobic fibers containing ECM microparticles.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.416-430
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• 1996

With the progress of chemical researches in ginseng studies, efforts to elucidate the pharmacological actions of ginseng have been greatly increased. The majority of ginseng reaserches in the past has been performed with crude extracts from ginseng roots to verify scientifically the empirical application of ginseng in men and animals recently. Ginseng reaserches have been done mostly with pure ginsenosides and there has been a shift in focus to the various biochemical pathways. It was demonstvated that ginseng had diverse effects by modulating the second-messenger system, such as cyclic nucleotides. calcium The demonstration in 1987 of the formation of nitric oxide(NO, endothelium-derlled rectating factor) by an enzyme in vascular endothelial cells opened up a new area of biological reaserches of ginseng. It was shown that vascular relaxations induced by glnsenosides are mediated by release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells. According to the literature search from'hledline". There have been 737 original and review articles during the last 30 years. In these review articles, an attempt has been made to summalize some results from some of these published papers. Ginseng has a wide range of phal.macologtcal and therapeutical actions. It acts on the centralral nervous system and cardiovascular system, promotes immune function and metabolism. Possesses anti-stress. Anti-cancer and anti-ageing activities, and so on.o on.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.622-628
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• 1997

Hepatic cirrhosis is a common response to chronic liver injury from many causes and is one of the most common cause of all deaths. This study was carried out to compare experimental hepatic cirrhosis in rats to understand this disease and to apply for the pharmacokinetics in disease state. Following three kinds of experimental models were induced; 1) Bile duct ligation/scission (BDL/S), 2) N, N-dimethylnitrosamine(DMN), 3) Carbon tetrachloride. The hepatic cirrhosis was characterized by examing the liver/body weight ratio, serum biochemical values, hydroxyproline content in liver and histopathological lesions in cirrhotic rat liver. The results are as follows : (1) In BDL/S, the liver was enlarged to 250% of normal liver. In contrast the liver was shrinked to 48% and 78% of the normal liver in DMN and carbon tetrachloride, respectively. (2) In carbon tetrachloride and BDL/S, the serum ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin levels were significantly increased to 200~300% of normal level, while ALT and total bilirubin levels were significantly increased in DMN group. (3) Hydroxyproline content in cirrhotic rat liver was significantly 200~500% higher than that of normal liver. (4) Nodular formation with fibrosis was observed in BDL/S, DMN, carbon tetrachloride induced cirrhotic rat liver.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 2005

Ionizing radiation and doxorubicin both produce oxidative damage and double-strand breaks in DNA. Double-strand breaks and oxidative damage are highly toxic and cause cell cycle arrest, provoking DNA repair and apoptosis in cancer cell lines. To investigate the response of normal human cells to agents causing oxidative damage, we monitored alterations in gene expression in F65 normal human fibroblasts. Treatment with ${\gamma}$-irradiation and doxorubicin altered the expression of 23 and 68 known genes, respectively, with no genes in common. Both agents altered the expression of genes involved in cell cycle arrest, and arrested the treated cells in $G_2M$ phase 12 h after treatment. 24 h after ${\gamma}$-irradiation, the percentage of $G_1$ cells increased, whereas after doxorubicin treatment the percentage of $G_2M$ cells remained constant for 24 h. Our results suggest that F65 cells respond differently to ${\gamma}$-irradiation- and doxorubicin-induced DNA damage, probably using entirely different biochemical pathways.