• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 1985

Potato tubers treated at $4^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks were irradiated with a dose of 0.12 kGy from $^{60}Co$ source and stored at $20^{\circ}C,\;70{\sim}90%$ humidity for 5 weeks. Changes of ${\alpha}-amylase$, peroxidase, indole acetic acid oxidase, indole acetic acid synthesizing enzyme activities were determined. In addition, treatment of gibberellin or indole acetic acid to tubers irradiated were carried out to examine reversal of sprout-inhibition of tubers irradiated. Results are as follows; 1. Irradiation by ${\gamma}-ray$ at 0. 12 kGy dose inactivated easily the enzyme activities in vitro. $D_{37}$ values obtained were 0.94, 0.36 kGy for ${\alpha}-amylase$ and peroxidase, respectively 2. Complete inhibition of the toter sprouting was resulted by the irradiation of tubers with a dose of 0.12 kGy. 3. The indole acetic acid oxidase activity increased 2 times immediately after irradiation. Meanwhile, indole acetic acid synthesizing activity decreased about $50{\sim}75%$ for 5-week storage in irradiated potatoes, whereas the activity increased about 3.5 times along with sprouting in non-irradiated tubers. 4. In morphological aspects, deformed buds with necrosis in the meristmatic tissue were developed in irradiated tubers. Treatment of gibberellin or indole acetic acid at the concentration of 100 or 20 ppm to the irradiated tubers reversed the sprout-inhibition partially. Nevertheless, the deformed buds remained without change.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.699-712
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• 1995

The present study, to evaluate the effect of vitamin E on the oxidative stress in STZ-treated rat and BB rat, was investigated the biochemical enzyme activity in the serum, and malondialdehyde and carbonyl group in the RBC membrane, liver and microsomal fraction after vitamin E and/ or insulin treatment. Results obtained through the experiments were summarized as follows; 1. Effect of vitamin E and/or insulin treatment in STZ-treated rat 1) Lipid peroxidation level in RBC membrane, liver and microsomal fraction was significantly decreased in vi. tamin E and/or insulin treatment group, and especially more significantly decreased in vitamin E with insulin treated group. 2) Protein oxidation level in RBC membrane, liver and microsomal fraction was significantly decreased in vitamin E and/or insulin treatment group. And it was especially more significantly decreased in RBC membrane and liver of vitamin E with insulin treated group. 3) In the enzyme activity in the serum, the activity of AST and ALT was not altered in all experimental group. The increased ALP activity in STZ-treated group was significantly decreased in insulin treated group and vitamin E with insulin treated group. 4) Decreased level of albumin and creatinine after STZ treatment was significantly increased in vitamin E and/or insulin treated group. 5) Level of glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerol in serum: Glucose level was not significantly different in vitamin E treated group compared to STZ control group. But it was significantly different in the insulin treated group and vitamin E with insulin treated group compared to STZ control group. The cholesterol content in the serum was significantly increased in STZ control group compared to normal control group. And except low dose vitamin E treatment group, it was significantly decreased in vitamin E and/or insulin treated group compared to STZ control group. The triacylglycerol content in the serum was significantly decreased in STZ control group and increased in high dose vitamin E treated group and vitamin E with insulin treated group. But it was not significantly different in low dose vitamin E treated group and insulin treated group compared to STZ control group. 2. Effect of vitamin E and/or insulin treatment in BB rat 1) Lipid peroxidation level in liver was decreased by vitamin E with insulin treatment compared to insulin treatment. But it was not different in microsomal fractions. 2) Protein oxidation level in liver and microsomal fraction was decreased by vitamin E with insulin treatment compared to insulin treatment only in microsomal fractions. These results suggest that the combination treatment of vitamin E and insulin could prevent the oxidative change of lipid and protein of the RBC membrane, liver and microsomal fraction in STZ-treated rats and BB rats.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.109-123
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• 2000

Inhaled halogen compound was examined through micronucleus tests and toxicity tests using SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats with repeated dosages for six hours a day, five days a week, during four weeks. In four-week repeated exposure, no specific sign caused by the $CF_3I$ compound was observed on the clinical symptoms, body weight variation, feed consumption, and urinalysis data in the testing groups with reference to the control group. In hematological and biochemical blood tests of the testing groups, the significant, but in their normal ranges, value dependencies of glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and etc., on the halogen carbohydride concentration was observed. In histo-pathological tests, no specific lesion or concentration dependent change due to the $CF_3I$ compound dosage was observed in both sexes of the female and male in the tested animals. But, micronucleus tests on marrow cells extracted from the tested animals which were repeatedly exposed in the $CF_3I$ compound during four weeks, the frequencies of micronuclei were significantly increased dose-dependently compared to the control groups.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 1999

In order to study the effects of $\alpha$-tocopherol acetate in glomerular injury, the minimal change nephrosis disease was induced by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and we examined biochemical analysis in serum and morphological changes. The experimental animals were divided to control, PAN-treated (30 mg/kg, I.p.), vitamin E-treated (200 mg/kg, P.O.), and PAN+vitamin E-treated groups. After PAN injection, the rate of increase of body weight was lower than the other treatments. In addition, at 8 days after PAN injection, total protein content in serum was the lowest, whereas both blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine contents were the highest in all experimental groups, which their changes of serum parameters were statistically significant. In morphological changes, the glomerular tissue at 8 days after PAN injection clearly showed obstruction of urinary space and proliferation of mesangial cells, and that loss and fusion of pedicles, vacuolization and edema of endothelial cells, and thickness of basal lamina were ultrastructurally showed in the glomerulus. Glomerular injury was significantly prevented by administration of vitamin E having an antioxidant effect. It suggested that the glomerular injury induced by PAN was accelerated by hypertension, and renal dysfunction might be induced by oxidative injury.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.752-760
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• 2004

The function of the [4Fe-4S] cluster containing iron (Fe-) protein in nitrogenase catalysis is to serve as the nucleotide-dependent electron donor to the MoFe protein which contains the sites for substrate binding and reduction. The ability of the Fe protein to function in this manner is dependent on its ability to adopt the appropriate conformation for productive interaction with the MoFe protein and on its ability to change redox potentials to provide the driving force required for electron transfer. The MgADP-bound (or off) conformational state of the nitrogenase Fe protein structure described reveals mechanisms for long-range communication from the nucleotide-binding sites to control affinity of association with the MoFe protein component. Two pathways, termed switches I and II, appear to be integral to this nucleotide signal transduction mechanism. In addition, the structure of the MgADP bound Fe protein provides the basis for the changes in the biophysical properties of the [4Fe-4S] observed when Fe protein binds nucleotides. The structures of the nitrogenase Fe protein with defined amino acid substitutions in the nucleotide dependent signal transduction pathways of the Switch I and Switch II have been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. These two pathways have been also implicated by site directed mutagenesis studies, structural analysis and analogies to other proteins that utilize similar nucleotide dependent signal transduction pathways. We have examined the validity of the assignment of these pathways in linking the signals generated by MgATP binding and hydrolysis to macromolecular complex formation and intermolecular electron transfer. The results provide a structural basis for the observed biophysical and biochemical properties of the Fe protein variants and interactions within the nitrogenase Fe protein-MoFe protein complex.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.18
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• pp.7897-7907
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• 2014

Background: There is paucity of studies defining the prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in Saudi Arabia despite the surging epidemic of obesity, change in dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle. Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of NCDs risk factors among employees at King Faisal University in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia and to determine the possible correlates for clustering of NCDs risk factors among them. Materials and Methods: All employees were invited to participate; the World Health Organization STEPwise approach was used for data collection which consisted of a personal interview to collect socio-demographic characteristics, NCD history, tobacco use, vegetables and fruit consumption, and physical activity (PA), followed by anthropometric measurements namely weight, height and waist circumference and blood pressure measurements, subjects were finally subjected to biochemical tests with determination of fasting plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, cholesterol and high density lipoproteins. Results: Of the surveyed employees (n=691), daily current smokers accounted for 22.7%. 94.9%, 95.1% and 86% consumed < 5 servings per day of vegetables, fruits and both fruits and vegetables respectively, 73% were physically inactive, 64% were overweight or obese, 22.1% had hypertension, and 21.5% were diabetics. Elevated cholesterol levels were found in 36.6%, low high density lipoproteins in 36.8%, and elevated triglycerides in 36.1%. Only 3% had no NCD risk factors, and 57.6% had ${\geq}3$ factors. Multivariate logistic regression showed that gender (being male, adjusted odds ratio 'aOR'=1.51), aged ${\geq}50$ years (aOR=3.06), < college education (aOR=1.75), current smokers (aOR=2.37), being obese (aOR=6.96) and having a low PA level (aOR=4.59) were the significant positive predictors for clustering of NCD risk factors. Conclusions: Over fifty percent of the studied university's employees had multiple (${\geq}3$) NCD risk factors. Screening and health promotion initiatives should be launched at least targeting the modifiable factors to avert the excessive risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and several types of cancers.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.685-692
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• 2013

Yuza (Citrus junos) has 3 varieties with variable physiochemical properties. This study analyzed these volatile compounds and physiochemical properties according to variety. Three Yuza varieties, native (Citrus junos I), improved I (Citrus junos I+Poncirus trifoliata), improved II (Citrus junos I+C. junos II) were used. The native Yuza weighted more than the improved varieties, but the peel ratio (weight of peel versus pulp) was high in improved one. Protein and ash contents were high in Improved I than native one. Native had 29.6mg% vit. C in pulp and improved I had 57.7mg% vit. C in peel. Free sugar was mainly fructose, and the main organic acid was citric acid in Yuza. Improved I Yuza had high free sugar contents, and the organic acid levels were high in improved II Yuza. Linoleic acid was the most prevalent fatty acid in Yuza; it was distributed in peel or pulp. The most common volatile flavor component was dl-limonene (64~70%); improved II Yuza showed significantly higher contents of dl-limonen and ${\gamma}$-terpinen. Total phenol level of Yuza was identical in all types, but peels had 2.5 times more than pulps.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.29-36
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• 2014

The purpose of this study investigates the delivery characteristics according to the load of pollutants by calculating the delivery rate of targeted areas on pollutants in Sapkyo reservoir. The main rivers of Sapkyo reservoir are Namwoncheon, Dogocheon, Sapkyocheon, Muhancheon and Gokgyocheon. The delivery rate and their characteristics of five major rivers during rainfall season are investigated. As th result, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorous (T-P) of total delivery rate are calculated by 0.40, 0.34 and 0.08, respectively. The delivery rate of T-P compares to other water quality is investigated relatively low. Looked at the overall characteristics of the watershed, the delivery rate of T-N and T-P is little change in the rate of the year, too. The delivery rate of T-N is calculated from 0.2 to 0.3 in the dry season, and from 0.31 to 0.39 in a flood, respectively. The delivery rate of T-P is calculated to more than 0.3 in the dry season, and 0.11 in a flood. It is similar values which the average annual delivery rate of T-P is 0.08. Therefore, the measured delivery rate of Sapkyo reservoir can be applicable such as a delivery rate of similar features of the terrain and land use.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.661-666
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• 2005

The effects of pre-partum feeding management in terms of birth weight, growth, metabolic profile and immunity of calves were studied using 24 crossbred (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) cows, divided into three equal groups. The dietary treatments included feeding of either 3.0 kg concentrate/head/d throughout the 60 d pre-partum (T$_1$), or 3.0 kg concentrate during 60-22 d pre-partum and thereafter at an increased allowance at 0.25 kg/d during the next 21 d till it reached 1% of live weight (T$_2$). The third group of cows was fed similar to T$_2$, except that the concentrate feeding during 60-22 d pre-partum was reduced to 2.0 kg (T$_3$). All the groups had access to ad libitum green fodder throughout. The results revealed that the mean daily dry matter (DM) intake by the cows was similar (p>0.05) among the three groups during the 60 days of the pre-partum but T2 animals tended to gain more live weight (41.25 kg) than T$_1$ (38.12 kg) and T$_3$ (36.25 kg). The body condition score of the cows did not change appreciably over the experimental period. The mean birth weight of the calves was 24.00${\pm}$1.10, 24.63${\pm}$1.17 and 23.25${\pm}$1.19 kg for the three groups, respectively, with the corresponding average daily gain of 154.2, 155.0 and 169.7 g during the subsequent 60 days; both these parameters did not vary significantly ascribable to prepartum feeding regimens of their dams. The total immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration in the colostrum was 6.31${\pm}$0.34, 5.80${\pm}$0.21 and 6.13${\pm}$0.30 g/dl for the three groups, respectively, showing no influence of dietary treatments. The mean serum Ig levels (T$_1$ 2.10${\pm}$0.09, T$_2$ 2.05${\pm}$0.09 and T$_3$ 2.10${\pm}$0.12 g/dl) of calves at 5 d of age were similar among the dietary groups as was the case with various serum biochemical constituents. It is concluded that the variations in pre-partum dietary management elicited no significant influence on the calf performance including the immune status.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.125-131
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• 1999

T$_1$/T$_2$ weighted images are being used to give the characteristic contrast among the various tissues and the norma;/abnormal tissues. Abnormalities in tissues, in general, accompany the biochemical changes and eventually structural ones in which results in the change in T$_1$ and T$_2$ relaxation times of water protons. It has been suggested that the mapping of T$_1$/T$_2$ values may serve as a possible tool for the quantitative evaluation of the degree of abnormality. On reconstructing T$_1$/T$_2$ maps(or any other MR parametric map), only corresponding variables are to be varied, such as TE for T$_2$, TI or TR for T$_1$ and b-factor for diffusion images. But often the receiver gain is taken for the optimal usage of A/D converter, so that the set of the image data has different receiver gain. It must be corrected before any attempt to reconstruct the maps. Here we developed method of correcting receiver gain variation effect, using the standard deviation of noise on individual image. The resultant T$_1$ and T$_2$ values were very comparable to the other reported values.