• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.153-174
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• 2022

This trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of overwrap, vacuum, and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on poultry breast fillets' microbiological, biochemical shelf life and sensory attributes. The fillets were divided into 4 groups, and each of the treatments was replicated 3 times with 60 breast fillets. The first group was a control group with overwrap packaging; the second group was vacuum packed (VP); the third and fourth groups were MAP-1: 0% O₂, 40% CO₂, 60% N₂, and MAP-2: 20% O₂, 40% CO₂, 40% N₂. The microbiological and biochemical analyses were performed for the total viable count, coliform count, Pseudomonas count, Salmonella count, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), pH, cooking loss, color, lipid oxidation, tenderness, and sensory analysis. The data were analysed through two-way ANOVA by Minitab (Minitab 17.3.1). Meat treated with understudy MAP compositions and vacuum packaging reduced total viable count, Pseudomonas count, and total coliform count than control (p<0.05). TVB-N remained below the recommended limit throughout storage except aerobic packaging (p<0.05). Cooking loss (%) was lowered and showed non-significant results (p>0.05) between vacuum packaging and both MAP concentrations. The meat stored in MAP-2 was characterised by higher (p<0.05) visual scores. Whilst MAP-1 showed higher (p<0.05) L^* values and overall acceptability. Sample packaged under aerobic packaging showed significant (p<0.05) results for b^* and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Meat stored in aerobic packaging showed higher (p<0.05) shear force values. The outcome of this trial may help to promote the application of understudy MAP compositions and rapid detection of microbes by biochemical analysis under local conditions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.899-907
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• 2022

Quercetin is one of bio-flavonoids which are abundant in fruits and vegetables and has been reported to have various pharmacological potentials such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, and anti-virus effects. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects and its working molecular mecha- nism of quercetin were investigated in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Quercetin significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner without affecting cell viability and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, quercetin decreased phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ERK, and inhibited phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 protein and its inhibitor IκBα indicating that quercetin has the anti-inflammatory effects via regulation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathway. We also detected expression changes of four kinds of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (CSF2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) with quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that quercetin decreased the expression of four pro-inflammatory genes in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Overall, our results showed that quercetin effectively suppressed inflammation responses induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells via regulating MAPK and NF-κB pathway and down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.524-533
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• 2008

Industrial wastewater generated in the electroplating and metal finishing industries typically contain toxic free and complex metal cyanide with various heavy metals. Alkaline chlorination, the normal treatment method destroys only free cyanide, not complex metal cyanide. A novel treatment method has been developed which destroys both free and complex metal cyanide as compared with Practical Plant(I). Prior to the removal of complex metal cyanide by Fe/Zn coprecipitation and removal of others(Cu, Ni), Chromium is reduced from the hexavalent to the trivalent form by Sodium bisulfite(NaHSO$_3$), followed by alkaline-chlorination for the cyanide destruction. The maximum removal efficiency of chromium by reduction was found to be 99.92% under pH 2.0, ORP 250 mV for 0.5 hours. The removal efficiency of complex metal cyanide was max. 98.24%(residual CN: 4.50 mg/L) in pH 9.5, 240 rpm with 3.0 $\times$ 10$^{-4}$ mol of FeSO$_4$/ZnCl$_2$ for 0.5 hours. The removal efficiency of Cu, Ni using both hydroxide and sulfide precipitation was found to be max. 99.9% as Cu in 3.0 mol of Na$_2$S and 93.86% as Ni in 4.0 mol of Na$_2$S under pH 9.0$\sim$10.0, 240 rpm for 0.5 hours. The concentration of residual CN by alkaline-chlorination was 0.21 mg/L(removal efficiencies: 95.33%) under the following conditions; 1st Oxidation : pH 10.0, ORP 350 mV, reaction time 0.5 hours, 2nd Oxidation : pH 8.0, ORP 650 mV, reaction time 0.5 hours. It is important to note that the removal of free and complex metal cyanide from the electroplating wastewater should be employed by chromium reduction, Fe/Zn coprecipitation and, sulfide precipitation, followed by alkaline-chlorination for the Korean permissible limit of wastewater discharge, where the better results could be found as compared to the preceding paper as indicated in practical treatment(I).

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2013

This study investigated the oxidative stability of oils when dough was fried under a lower pressure than the ambient atmosphere. The pressure during the frying process was controlled at measures of 760, 560, 360 or 160 mmHg. The oil containing the dough was heated at $180^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours. Rancidity values, including acid value, peroxide value, fatty acid analysis, color changes, and browning of oil samples, were measured every 8 hours. As the frying process continued at all 4 pressure levels, the acid values (AV) increased. However, compared to the other pressure levels, the increase in AV was the least at 160 mmHg. In addition, the peroxide value at 160 mmHg was only 0.81 meq/kg compared to 1.52 meq/kg at 760 mmHg. For all pressure levels, stearic acid, oleic acid, ${\omega}$-6 linolenic acid were increased, while linoleic acid and ${\omega}$-3 linolenic acid were decreased. In terms of color, a-values representing redness were decreased, whereas b-values were increased as the frying proceeded. These results revealed that the oxidation of frying oil was decreased under reduced pressure condition. Thus, the usage of frying oil may be extended, owing to less oxidative concerns. This leads to a lower cost to the manufacturer, and furthermore, helps the environment by reducing industrial wastes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1213-1221
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• 2006

In this study, granular sludge used in an anaerobic process treating brewery waste was inoculated in a laboratory scale of reactor to induce anaerobic ammonium oxidation(ANAMMOX). The reactor was operated with synthetic wastewater, which prepared at 1:1 ratio of $NH_4^+-N$ over $NO_2^--N$. Changes in nitrogen concentration, COD, alkalinity and gas production were analyzed. There are 3 phases of spanning in experimental period according to influent nitrogen concentration. In the Phase 1, each of the concentration of $NH_4^+-N$ and $NO_2^--N$ were increased from 1.91 $gN/m^3{\cdot}d$ to 14.29 $gN/m^3{\cdot}d$. Ammonium nitrogen loading(same as nitrite nitrogen) was 23.81 $gN/m^3{\cdot}d$ in the Phase 2 and 19.05 $gN/m^3{\cdot}d$ in the Phase 3, respectively $NO_2^--N$ has been removed up to 99% during whole period while the removal efficiency of $NH_4^+-N$ was significantly varied. In Phase 2, $NH_4^+-N$ was removed up to 75%. Microorganisms varied temporally through three phases were characterized by 16s rDNA analysis methods. ANAMMOX bacteria were dominantly found in phase 2 when the removal rate of $NO_2^--N$and $NH_4^+-N$ was the highest up to 99% and 75%, respectively. Due to erroneous exposed to air, the removal efficiency of $NH_4^+-N$ was unexpectedly lowered, but ANAMMOX bacteria still existed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.274-283
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• 2014

Oxidative stress causes tissue damage and facilitates the progression of metabolic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular heart diseases, and obesity. Lipid accumulation and obesity-related complications have been observed in the presence of extensive oxidative stress. As part of an ongoing study to develop therapeutic supplements, Sargassum sp. were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as to suppress lipid accumulation. Three species, S. hemiphyllum, S. thunbergii, and Sargassum horneri, were shown to scavenge free radicals in a di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH) assay. In addition, Sargassum sp. was shown to scavenge intracellular ROS and to decrease nitric oxide (NO) production in $H_2O_2$ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages, respectively. Taken together, the results suggest that Sargassum sp. possess huge potential to relieve oxidative stress and related complications, as well as lipid-induced oxidation. They indicate that S. hemiphyllum, S. thunbergii, and S. horneri are potent functional supplements that can produce beneficial health effects through antioxidant and antiobesity activities, with S. hemiphyllum being the most potent among the Sargassum sp. tested. A potential mechanism for the effect of Sargassum sp. on the suppression of lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes through deactivation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ (PPAR ${\gamma}$) is presented.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1718-1721
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• 2008

The skin of human is constantly being exposed to environmental irritants such as ultraviolet, smoke and chemicals. These irritants cause free radicals and reactive oxygen species which leave serious damages on the cells of skin. The water and ethanol extracts of Cambodian Phellinus linteus were investigated for the activities of anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-wrinkle effects to apply as a functional ingredient for cosmetic products. As the result of evaluation of liquid oxidation rate by add $Fe^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ to Cambodian Phellinus linteus extracts, Cambodian Phellinus linteus ethanol extracts were higher than Cambodian Phellinus linteus water extracts in the chealting ability of $Fe^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$. The Cambodian Phellinus linteus ethanol extracts exhibited that anti-lipid peroxidation higher than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml. Cambodian Phellinus linteus water and ethanol extracts showed a higher inhibitory effect on $Fe^{2+}$-induced lipid peroxidation compared to $Cu^{2+}$-induced lipid peroxidation. In the case of anti-wrinkle effect, the elastase inhibition activity of Cambodian Phellinus linteus ethanol extracts was 50.7%, and it is higher than urosolic acid at the concentration of 0.01 mg/ml. Also, in collagenase inhibition activity, Cambodian Phellinus linteus water extract showed low effect, but Cambodian Phellinus linteus ethanol extract was about 50% at a 0.1 mg/ml. concentration. These results proved that Cambodian Phellinus linteus had anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-wrinkle effect. Therefore, Cambodian Phellinus linteus could be useful as an anti-wrinkle cosmetic ingredient.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2017

In this study, for the efficient use of the byproduct of the omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon: SC) processing industry, the ethanol extracts of the fruit (F), seed (S), and pomace (P) of SC were prepared, and their useful bioactivities were evaluated. For F-SC, S-SC, and P-SC, the extraction yields were 28.3%, 22.1%, and 7.2%, respectively, and the polyphenol contents were 8.81, 37.22, and 9.20 mg/g, respectively. The total flavonoid content in P-SC (4.31 mg/g) was 3.5-fold higher than that in F-SC (0.76 mg/g). In an antioxidation activity assay, P-SC showed stronger radical scavenging activities against DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite and stronger reducing power activities than the other extracts. The calculated concentration required for 50% radical scavenging activity, $RC_{50}s$, of P-SC for DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite was 226.2, 192.5, and $92.5{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In an antimicrobial activity assay, F-SC, S-SC, and P-SC showed similarly strong growth inhibitions against Bacillus subtilis and P. vulgaris at a concentration of 0.5 mg/disc. F-SC and P-SC showed 15-fold extended time in thrombin, prothrombin, and activated partial thromboplastin time assays at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. The anticoagulation activity of P-SC (2.5 mg/ml) was comparable to that of aspirin (1.5 mg/ml). Furthermore, F-SC and S-SC showed very good platelet aggregation inhibitory activities. F-SC, S-SC, and P-SC did not show significant hemolysis against human red blood cell up to a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. These results suggest that S-SC and P-SC, both of which are byproducts of the omija processing industry, show strong potential as novel antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antithrombosis agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 2014

In this study, the biological activity of water and ethanol extracts from Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne by ultrafine grinding for functional food source are examined. The content of phenolic compounds from Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne were the highest when extracted for 6 hr with 70% ethanol. The extraction yield of water and ethanol extracts were $7.12{\pm}1.61$ mg/g and $7.51{\pm}2.14$ mg/g, respectively. With ultrafine grinding, water and ethanol extracts were $8.63{\pm}1.15$ mg/g and $9.33{\pm}1.35$ mg/g, respectively. In determining anti-oxidative activity of Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts, DPPH of normal grinding extracts was 83.52% and ultrafine grinding was 92.37%. In ABTS radical cation decolorization, normal grinding, fine grinding, and ultrafine grinding extracts were 90% or higher. In antioxidant protection factor (PF), water and ethanol extracts of ultrafine grinding showed relatively high anti-oxidative activities of each 1.82 PF and 2.16 PF, respectively. The TBARS value of ultrafine grinding extracts were lower than normal grinding and fine grinding extracts. The inhibition activity on xanthin oxidase of Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts was 67.53% in ultrafine grinded water extracts and 83.45% in ultrafine grinded ethanol extracts. Inhibition on xanthin oxidase of ethanol extracts showed a higher inhibition effect than water extracts, and ultrafine grinding was higher than normal grinding. In angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition activity, ultrafine grinding water extract was 24% or higher, and ethanol extract was 34% or higher. The elastase inhibition activity of ultrafine grinding extract was 25.56%, which was higher than 20.34% of fine grinding extracts. Water extracts did not show hyaluronidase inhibition activity but ethanol extracts showed 35% of hyaluronidase inhibition activity. The determining expression inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 protein in macrophage by Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts with a Western blot analysis, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression inhibition by Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne ethanol extracts were 40% and 15%, respectively at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ concentration. The inhibitory patterns of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression was concentration dependent. The result suggests that Chrysanthemum incidicum Linne extracts by ultrafine grinding may be more useful than normal grinding as potential sources due to anti-oxidation, angiotensin converting enzyme and xanthine oxidase inhibition, anti-inflammation effect.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.33-44
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• 2009

Water curtain of an underground LPG storage cavern is a facility to prevent leakage of high pressure gases, for which groundwater should flow freely towards the cavern and groundwater level also must be stably maintained. In this study, in order to evaluate qualities of seepage water and surrounding groundwater of an underground LPG storage cavern in Yeosu, 4 rounds of samplings, field measurements and laboratory analyses (February, May, August, October of 2007) were conducted. According to field measurements, pH was weak acidic to neutral but it gradually increased with time. Electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater near a salt stack showed very high values between 10.47 and 38.50 mS/cm. Dissolved oxygen (DO) showed a very wide range of 0.20~8.74 mg/L and a mean of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) was 159 mV, which indicated an oxidized condition. Levels of $Fe^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ were mostly less than 3 mg/L. All of seepage waters showed a Na-Cl type while only groundwater near the salt stack showed a Na-Cl type with a high total dissolved solid. The other groundwaters exhibited typical $Ca-HCO_3$ types. Levels of aerobic bacteria were mostly very high (573-39,520 CFU/mL). Based on the analyses of these hydrochemistry and biological characteristics, it is concluded that there are no particular problems in groundwater and seepage water, which not causing a trouble in the cavern operation. However, both for control of bio-clogging and for sustainable operation of the water curtain system, a regular hydrochemical and microbiological monitoring is required for the seepage water and surrounding groundwater.