• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the satisfaction of school cafeterias among the surveyed group at two middle schools located in Seoul. Methods: 574 out of 600 middle school students in Seoul (95.7%) completed the study. Results: Satisfaction rate of school meals was significantly higher among girls (73.2%) compared to boys (45.1%). The reasons for satisfaction factors of school meals were with the taste of school meals (55.1%), menu (19.3%), nutrition (14.2%), and food hygiene safety (7.0%). Students who had a double-income family, well-educated mother and higher happiness in their life reported a higher satisfaction with school meals. Both boys and girls who consumed milk frequently showed significantly higher satisfaction with school meals. Factors that were related to satisfaction of school meals were food temperature, the amount of food (especially among boys). Variety in the menu and food distribution speed were less related to the satisfaction of meals. In the case of girls, waiting time, food distribution speed were more important to them while the kindness of school staff was a less important factor. Improvements that were needed to increase the satisfaction for the school lunch meals, from the most important to least important were as follows: variety of meals (36.6%), food distribution speed waiting time (24.6%), taste of food (15.7%), amount of food (7.7%), hygienic management (5.1%), food quality (4.7%), kindness (3.0%), temperature of the food (2.8%). Students preferred to broadcast on campus and cooking practice for the dietary education. Conclusions: To improve school meal satisfaction, it is necessary for food distribution facilities to make improvements with regard to variety of meals and reduced waiting time.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2017

Background: The present study investigated the effect of ginseng berry hot water extract (GBx) on blood flow via the regulation of lipid metabolites and blood coagulation in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Sixty rats were divided into five groups in descending order of body weight. Except for the control group, the other four groups were fed a HFD containing 45% kcal from fat for 11 wk without GBx. GBx groups were then additionally treated by gastric gavage with GBx dissolved in distilled water at 50 (GBx 50) mg/kg, 100 (GBx 100) mg/kg, or 150 (GBx 150) mg/kg body weight for 6 wk along with the HFD. To investigate the effects of GBx on rats fed a HFD, biochemical metabolite, blood coagulation assay, and histological analysis were performed. Results: In the experiments to measure the serum levels of leptin and apolipoprotein B/A, GBx treatment attenuated the HFD-induced increases in these metabolites (p < 0.05). Adiponectin and apolipoprotein E levels in GBx-treated groups were significantly higher than the HFD group. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were increased in all GBx-treated groups. In the GBx-treated groups, the serum levels of thromboxane $A_2$ and serotonin were decreased and concentrations of serum fibrinogen degradation products were increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, histomorphometric dyslipidemia-related atherosclerotic changes were significantly improved by treatment with GBx. Conclusion: These results suggest the possibility that GBx can ameliorate blood flow by decreasing intima-media thickness via the regulation of blood coagulation factors related to lipid metabolites in rats fed a HFD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.144-144
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• 2013

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas have recently garnered much attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties that are sometimes significantly different from those of low pressure plasmas. It can offer many possible application areas including nano and bio/medical areas. Many different types of plasma sources have been developed for specific needs, which can be one of the important merits of the atmospheric pressure plasmas since characteristics of the produced plasma depend significantly on operating parameters such as driving frequency, supply gas type, driving voltage waveform, gas flow rate, gas composition, geometrical factor etc. Among many source configurations, parallel plate type geometry is one of the simplest configurations so that it can offer many insights for understanding basic underlying physics. Traditionally, the parallel plate type set up has been studied actively for understanding low pressure plasma physics along with extensive employment in industries for the same reason. By considering that understanding basic physics, in conjunction with plasma-surface interactions especially for nano & bio materials, should be pursued in parallel with applications, we investigated atmospheric pressure discharge characteristics in a parallel plate type capacitive discharge source with two parallel copper electrodes of 60 mm in diameter and several millimeters in gap distance. In this presentation, some plasma characteristics by varying many operating variables such as inter-electrode distance, gas pressure, gas composition, driving frequency etc will be discussed. The results may be utilized for plasma control for widening application flexibility.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2013

Korean red ginseng (KRG) is reported to have anti-allergic properties, including beneficial effects on asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, its effect on allergic rhinitis has not been studied extensively. This study examined how KRG affected allergic inflammation of the nasal cavity in an allergic mouse model. A total of 40 Balb/c female mice were divided into four experimental groups according to treatment and allergic state: group 1 (G1), saline only; group 2 (G2), ovalbumin (OVA); group 3 (G3), OVA+KRG; and group 4 (G4), OVA+dexamethasone. Serum IgE levels were significantly lower in the KRG treatment group (G3) than in the allergic group (G2). However, serum IgG1 levels did not differ between G2 and G3. In the nasal lavage fluid, IL-4 and IL-5 levels were significantly lower in G3 than in G2 (p<0.05). H&E and Luna staining revealed that the eosinophil count was lower in G3 and G4 than in G2 (p<0.05). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that there were fewer IL-4-, IL-5-, and MUC5AC-positive cells in G3 and G4 than in G2 (p<0.05). These results indicate that KRG reduces the nasal allergic inflammatory reaction in an allergic murine model by reducing Th2 cytokines.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2009

Effective parenting attitudes have been known to be associated with children's health practices including dietary intake and physical activity. The objective of this study is to compare children's body weights and eating habits by maternal parenting attitudes. Data were collected at school (N = 396; 4th and 5th grade students) using self-administered questionnaires on maternal parenting attitudes, eating habits and physical activity. Parenting attitudes were categorized as 1 of 4 parenting attitudes (overprotective, authoritarian, democratic, and neglectful) using affection and control median cut points. Children's body weights, frequency of breakfast, eating out and fastfood, and physical activity were compared by maternal parenting attitudes. Children's body weights were related with mother's employment status (p < 0.05) and parenting attitudes (p < 0.01). Children of unemployed mothers were more likely to be overweight. Children of neglectful mothers (p < 0.01) were more likely to be underweight, compared with children of mothers with other parenting attitudes. Since, unfortunately, the number of children of neglectful mothers was very limited in this study, we could hardly assess eating habits of children of neglectful mothers. Children of authoritarian mothers ate breakfast more regularly (p < 0.05), but ate snacks less regularly (p < 0.01). Children of democratic mothers ate fastfood less frequently (p < 0.01) and ate snacks more regularly (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, children of overprotective mothers ate breakfast less regularly (p < 0.05) and ate out less frequently (p < 0.01). However, maternal parenting attitudes were not related to children's physical activities. In conclusion, the maternal democratic parenting attitude was associated with healthy eating habits including regular snack time and less fastfood. On the other hand, the maternal neglectful parenting attitude was associated with high risk of children's underweight. Understanding the mechanism through which parenting attitude is related with underweight risk and healthy eating habits may lead to the development of better interventions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.1845-1850
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• 2012

Layered metal hydroxides (LMHs) containing calcium were synthesized by coprecipitation in solution having two different trivalent metal ions, iron and aluminum. Two mixed metal solutions ($Ca^{2+}/Al^{3+}$ and $Ca^{2+}/Fe^{3+}$ = 2/1) were added to sodium hydroxide solution and the final pH was adjusted to ~11.5 and ~13 for CaAl-and CaFe-LMHs. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the two LMH samples showed well developed ($00l$) diffractions indicating 2-dimensional crystal structure of the synthesized LMHs. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction pattern, the local structure analysis through X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and thermal analysis also confirmed that the synthesized precipitates show typical structure of LMHs. The chemical formulae, $Ca_{2.04}Al_1(OH)_6(NO_3){\cdot}5.25H_2O$ and $Ca_{2.01}Fe_1(OH)_6(NO_3){\cdot}4.75H_2O$ were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Particle morphology and thermal behavior for the synthesized LMHs were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetricdifferential scanning calorimetry.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.940-945
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• 2007

We have examined the induction of HL-60 cell differentiation by treatment of 2-chloromethyl-1-dihydroxyphosphinyl pyrrolidine(2C-1DPP), which is derivative of piperidine and pyrrolidine by ${\alpha}-phosphoramidoakylation$ reaction. It was observed that HL-60 cell proliferation was dose- and time-dependently inhibited by treatment with 2C-1DPP. 2C-1DPP treatment caused a significant change in NBT reduction and enhanced ATRA-induced NBT reduction. Treatment of 2C-1DPP to HL-60 cells increased only CD11b expression in the cells, and also increased markedly G0/G1 stage arrest of HL-60 cells. These results can suggest that 2C-1DPP induced the differentiation of HL-60 cells to granulocytes lineage and enhanced ATRA-induced differentiation. Moreover, DNA expression levels of p27 were up-regulated during 2C-1DPP-dependent HL-60 cell differentiation. Our results suggest that 2C-1DPP have potential as a therapeutic agent in human leukemia.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 2017

In this experiment, we determined the effect of curcumin supplementation in freezing buffer for miniature pig sperm cryopreservation. Each ejaculate was diluted with modified Modena B extender and mixed with lactose-egg yolk (LEY extender, 80% v/v lactose solution [310 mM], 20% v/v egg yolk, and $100{\mu}g/mL$ kanamycin sulfate) and LEY-glycerol Orvus ES Paste (LEYGO, 89.5% v/v LEY, 5% v/v glycerol, 1.5% v/v Orvus ES Paste), 100 mM trehalose supplemented with 0, 10, 50, 100, and $500{\mu}M$ of curcumin from turmeric, respectively. Following equilibration, the 0.5 mL French straws were frozen and plunged into $LN_2$ tank for 7 days at least. Sperm parameter and oxidative byproducts were determined by the computer assisted sperm motility analysis (CASA) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) as compared with each groups. Supplementation of curcumin had no effect on sperm motility, progressive motility and curvilinear velocity. However, average-path velocity and straight-line velocity were significantly higher in $10{\mu}M$ curcumin group ($100.9{\pm}8.8{\mu}m/s$, $61.7{\pm}2.9{\mu}m/s$, respectively) than control group ($77.8{\pm}3.9{\mu}m/s$, $46.4{\pm}3.0{\mu}m/s$, respectively) (p < 0.05). In addition, the level of the O2 radical and H2O2 were comparatively decreased in curcumin groups by evaluation of ethidium and DCF fluorescence. According to the results, curcumin can improve sperm kinetic variables and alleviate ROS induced cryoinjury to pig sperm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.85-85
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• 2007

최근 귀금속중의 하나인 Ruthenium(Ru)은 높은 일함수, 누설전류에 대한 높은 저항성등의 톡성으로 인해 캐패시터의 하부전극으로 각광받고 있다. 하부전극으로 증착된 Ru은 일반적으로 각 캐패시터의 분리와 평탄화를 위해 건식식각이 이루어진다. 하지만, 건식식각 공정중 유독한 $RUO_4$ 가스가 발생할 수 있으며, 불균일한 캐패시터 표면을 유발할 수 있다. 이러한 문제점들을 해결하기 위해 CMP 공정이 필요하게 되었다. 하지만, Ru은 화학적으로 매우 안정하기 때문에 Ru CMP 슬러리에 대한 연구가 필요하게 되었으며, 이에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Ru CMP 공정에서 Chemical A가 에칭제 및 산화제로 사용된 슬러리의 pH 변화와 pH 적정제에 따른 영향을 살펴보았다. Ru wafer를 이용하여 static etch rate, passivation film thickness와 wettability를 pH와 pH 적정제에 따라 비교해 보았다. 또한, pH 적정제로 $NH_4OH$와 TMAH를 이용하여 pH별 슬러리를 제작하고 CMP 공정을 실시하여 Ru의 removal rate을 측정하였다. $NH_4OH$와 TMAH의 경우 각각 130. 100 nm/min의 연마율이 측정된 pH 6에서 가장 높은 연마률을 보였으며, TMAH의 경우가 pH 전 구간에서 $NH_4OH$에 비해 낮은 연마율이 측정되었다. TEOS 에 대한 Ru의 선택비를 측정해 본 결과, $NH_4OH$의 경우 pH 8~9. TMAH의 경우 pH 6~7에서 높은 selectivity를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2005

The hyaluronic acid (HA) with excellent biocompatibility can be combined with the monomer polylactide with good biodegradability to produce biocompatible materials which can control the period of degradation in a human body. By freeze drying method, HA and the lactic acid, monomer of polylactide, or lactide, the ester dimer of polylactide, were crosslinked with crosslinking agent, l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide. The analysis of infrared spectroscopy showed that the ester linkage was formed and the analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that the ester linkage was due to the reaction of lactic acid and HA. The conversion (6∼32%) and degree of crosslinking (4∼19%) increased but the selectivity was almost constant at 62% as the mole ratio of LA to HA increased from 1 to 10 in the crosslinking reaction. The brittleness became more pronounced and the rate of degradation became faster with more addition of lactic acid resulting from the higher ratio of LA to HA, and the swelling ratio was in the range of 500 to 2000%.