• Membrane Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2014

Manufacturing facility for non-alcoholic drink, the parts of the food industry, disposes wastewater which includes high organic concentration and low nitrogen, phosphorus concentration. For this kind of wastewater, the treatment plant consists mainly of aerobic reactor and chemical coagulation process. And sand-filter or activated carbon process is normally installed further. However, aerobic reactor must have long HRT to treat high concentration of organic contaminant included in this wastewater, so the large site area is required. And settling tank which is normally applied for wastewater treatment facility has some problems such as water quality degradation caused by the sludge spill. To solve these problems, we applied MBR system for the wastewater. And the MBR pilot plant was installed nearby the wastewater treatment facility of W food factory and operated during long term to evaluate treatment efficiency. This plant was operated about 3 months and than the result was 97% of organic removal rate on conditions of flow rate $20m^3/day$, HRT 29 hr, recycle 4Q. However, contaminant removal ratio of bio-reactor decreased and TMP of membrane increased rapidly on more conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.549-556
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• 2005

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied in steaming and roasting processes of Polygonatum odoratum roots in order to monitor hypoglycemic components and sensory property. In steaming and roasting processes based on the central composite design with variations in steaming time $(60\~180\;min)$, roasting temperature $(110\~150^{\circ}C)$ and roasting time $(10\~50\;min)$, coefficients of determinations $(R^2)$ were 0.8691 (p<0.05), 0.8253 (p<0.l0), 0.8727 (p<0.05), 0.8706 (p<0.05) and 0.8316 (p<0.10) in soluble solid, stigmasterol, $\beta-sitosterol$, hypoglycemic component (total), and overall acceptability, respectively. The maximum value of soluble solid was $71.47\%$ in 65.24 min of steaming time, $126.93^{\circ}C$ of roasting temperature and 37.58 min of roasting time. The maximum value of hypoglycemic component (total) was $764.10\;{\mu}g/g$ in 107.76 min, $117.78^{\circ}C$ and 14.70 min. Meantime, the maximum value of overall acceptability was 6.89 in 126.04 min, $115.79^{\circ}C$ and 43.93 min. The predicted values in optimum conditions for hypoglycemic components and sensory property were in good agreement with experimental values.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1625-1632
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• 2005

This study was conducted to monitor the extraction yields and functional properties from cabbage by a response surface methodology. The extract yield was maximized as 44.47$\%$ under the temperature of 79.86$^{\circ}C$, ethanol concentration of 56.84$\%$ and solvent to sample ratio 25.58 mL/g . The maximum value of electron donating ability was 85.46$\%$ at 46.38$^{\circ}C$,57.06$\%$ of ethanol concentration and 27.71 mL/g of solvent to sample ratio. The maximum value of tyrosinase inhibitory effect was 69.37$\%$ at 37.5$^{\circ}C$,47.71$\%$ of ethanol concentration and 16.03 mL/g of solvent to sample ratio. The maximum value of SOD-like activity was 48.36$\%$ in 66.12$^{\circ}C$, 70.35$\%$ of ethanol concentration and 29.13 mL/g of solvent to sample ratio. Estimated conditions for the maximized extraction including yield, electron donating ability and SOD-like activity were 20 $\∼$ 30 mL/g in ratio of solvent to sample, 25$\∼$85$\%$ in ethanol concentration, and 40$\∼$90$^{\circ}C$ in extraction temperature.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.265-276
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• 2011

The aim of the present study is to validate the effects of treatment with different concentration of estrogen receptor alpha agonist, propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) on the weight and histological structure in the accessory reproductive organs (ventral prostate, seminal vesicle and preputial gland) of male mouse. Treated groups received different doses of PPT 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg and 1.0 mg per week respectively, for 3, 5, and 8 weeks. In general, the weight of reproductive organs was increased in PPT 0.01 mg and 0.1 mg treatment, however decreased in PPT 1.0 mg treatment. Epithelial tissues in the ventral prostate were changed from simple columnar epithelium to squamous or cuboidal epithelium in the treated groups. On week 3, PPT groups caused decrease of epithelial cell height in the ventral prostate. Lumen of the seminal vesicle was narrowed in the treated group. Epithelial cell height of seminal vesicle was reduced in the PPT treatment. Acinus tissue of preputial gland in PPT 1.0 mg treatment was dramatically atrophied than that of control group. These results are useful as a reference to determine the administration concentration of PPT in experiments for understanding the physiological functions of estrogen in the male.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

With recent interest organic farming the use of legumes including vetch and clover to provide N to adjacent crops is increasing in Korea. In the present studies, we conducted a trial to investigate the effects of the application of N rate on nitrogen fixation and transfer from vetch to barley in mixed stands. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Four different N rates(0, 75, 113 and 150/ha) was used and vetch+barley was broadcasted manually on 1.5 $\times$2 m plot in Oct. 2001. Half of urea and K$_{2}O, 200 Phosphate and 75 kg potash per ha were applied as basal dressing md half of N md 75 potash were used for topdressing to soil surface on MarctL 2002. The equivalent of 1kg ha$^{-1}$ at($^{15}$NH$_{4}$)$_{2}$SO$_{4}$ solution at 99.8 atom $\%$$^{15}$N excess was applied to the microplot in mid April. Forage was harvested from each plot at ground level and separated into barley and vetch. Total N content and It values of samples were determined using a continuous flow stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry(IsoPrime-EA. Micromass, UK.). The percentage of legume H fixed from atmospheric N2 were 95.0, 93.8, 94.4 and $84.8\%$ with increment of N levels. The percentage of N transfer from vetch to barley by N-difference method with increment of N fertilizer were from 58 to$49\%$ while 39 to $23\%$ in $^{15}$N-dilution method. The amount of transfer from vetch to barley were 87 to 68 kg/ ha with N level by N-difference moth여 and 58 to -56/ha with N application levels by $^{15}$N dilution method. The amount of nitrogen fixation per ha were from 150 kg / ha to 219 kg / ha by different method, but on the other side 49 to 105kg/ha by N$^{15}$-dilution.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2011

Known as a female hormone, estrogen, has an effect on the male reproductive organs. The estrogen has to combine with the estrogen receptor to communicate a signal. Propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) is an estrogen receptor alpha selective agonist with a 410-, or 1,000-fold relative binding affinity for estrogen receptor alpha versus estrogen receptor beta. In this study, adult male mice were treated weekly with subcutaneously injections of PPT (0.01 mg, 0.1 mg, 1mg and 4 mg) suspended in castor oil (as control) for 8 weeks and observed histologically changes in testis, efferent ductule and epididymis. In the high concentrations of PPT 4 mg treatment group, a remarkable reduction was observed in the weight of the body, testis and epididymis. Microscopic examination revealed a reduction in seminiferous tubular diameter of the testis, and epithelial cell height of the epididymis in treated group during the experiment. In addition, as the diameter of the efferent ductule increased gradually, the height of epithelial cells was decreased. PPT 4 mg treatment group caused inhibition of spermatogenesis due to atrophied germinal epithelium in the testis, and decrease of adipocyte size attached to the epididymis. Sperm was not observed in the caudal epididymis of PPT 4 mg treated group. In conclusion, the injection of high concentrations of PPT into adult male mice induced physiological changes, such as an inhibition of spermatogenesis, and also histological changes within the reproductive organs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.923-931
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• 2011

In the present study, we investigated the effect of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a natural compound present in vegetables, on the cell migration and invasion of OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells. Our results indicated that I3C inhibited the proliferation of OVCAR-3 cells, a process which was associated with inhibition of cell motility as determined by wound healing experiments and cell invasion studies. I3C treatment increased the tightness of the tight junctions (TJs), which was demonstrated by an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance and a decrease in paracellular permeability. The RT-PCR and immunoblotting results indicated that I3C repressed the levels of claudin-3 as well as claudin-4, proteins that comprise a major part of TJs and play a key role in the control and selectivity of paracellular transport. Furthermore, the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were also decreased by treatment with I3C, which was connected with the down-regulation of their mRNAs and protein expression. The results suggest that I3C may be expected to inhibit cancer cell metastasis and invasion by restoring TJs and decreasing MMP activity in ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1549-1557
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• 2011

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can selectively induce apoptosis in many types of transformed cells; however, some human hepatocellular carcinoma cells are particularly resistant to the effects of TRAIL. Although genistein, a natural isoflavonoid phytoestrogen, has been shown to have pro-apoptotic activity against human cancer cell lines, little is known about the mechanism of genistein in terms of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In the present study, it was investigated whether or not combined treatment with genistein and TRAIL synergistically induced apoptosis in Hep3B hepatocarcinoma cells. Results indicate that treatment with TRAIL in combination with nontoxic concentrations of genistein sensitized TRAIL-resistant Hep3B cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, which was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Further, the inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation markedly decreased genistein and TRAIL-induced cell viability and apoptosis by enhanced truncation of Bid, increase of pro-apoptotic Bax, decrease of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm. Activation of caspases and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase induced by the combined treatment was also markedly increased by the inhibition of p38 MAPK, through the mitochondrial amplification step. In conclusion, our data suggest that genistein sensitizes TRAIL-induced-apoptosis via p38 MAPK-dependent pathway.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.7
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• pp.1095-1103
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• 2014

A packaging and distribution system for transferring individual live squids at low temperature was developed and compared to a conventional bulk container system. Ten live squids in individual packages were stored in a large container at low temperature ($0{\sim}10^{\circ}C$). Live squids in individual packages at $6^{\circ}C$ showed a survival rate of 84% up to 72 hours, after which the survival rate decreased. However, the survival rate remained at 60% up to 120 hours. Further, the squids survived up to a maximum of 7 days. Optimum temperature was $5^{\circ}C$, and the survival rate of the packages was 70% when stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 96 hours. A distribution test was carried out using a refrigerator truck at $5^{\circ}C$, and the results showed a 100% survival rate up to 16 hours and over 90% survival rate after 20 hours. A rectangular container was the most favorable when loading the container into the refrigerator truck. In testing the required volume of supplied seawater, 100% survival rate was observed over 15 hours with 20 L of sea water or more. Therefore, a single squid needed 2 L of seawater. After refrigerator truck transportation, optimum temperature for fish tank storage was $5^{\circ}C$, at which the survival rate was over 90% up to 72 hours. Using a refrigerator truck at $5^{\circ}C$, live squids survived up to 7 days, maintaining marketability.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated anti-oxidative effects of Duchesnea indica extracts by using Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC). The extracts were prepared with 0 %, 30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 100 % aqueous ethanol respectively. The 30 % EtOH D. indica extract showed higher ORAC activity than the other extracts. Therefore, we performed in vitro studies on cytotoxicity of NIH-3T3 cells and MMP-8 collagenase inhibition using by the 30 % EtOH extract. The 30 % EtOH extract showed no cytotoxicity and significant inhibition on MMP-8 collagenase. And we performed clinical studies for the anti-wrinkle effect of the Di-Wrinkle Free Cream. The cream formula was prepared with 2 % arbutin and 1 % D. indica extract. Twenty one healthy women volunteers, ages of 35 and 50, applied the cream on their faces twice a day for 8 weeks. The skin was evaluated with PRIMOS (phaseshift rapid in vivo measuring of human skin) system and analyzed by the student's paired t-test. The wrinkles on the eye region were reduced by 13 % based on the PRIMOS system after 8 weeks. In the safety study of the Di-Wrinkle Free Cream, no symptoms were observed such as erythema, edema, scaling, itching, stinging, burning, tightness and prickling by visual observation and medical examination of volunteers for 8 weeks. Moreover, there was no noticeable skin disorder during experience period. These results suggested that D. indica extracts could be applied as cosmeceuticals effective for anti-wrinkle.