• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.691-696
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• 2017

An experimental study on engine performance and emission characteristics for bio-alcohol fuels considered as RFS fuel. The Bio-alcohol fuel were mixed ethanol and butanol and used in a 1.8 liter mpi engine. The efficiency of the BSFC is excellent in the maximum torque operation condition and the part load operation condition. As the bio-alcohol mixing ratio increased, the lambda <1 and ignition timing advanced $5^{\circ}CA$. As the mixing concentration increased, NOx emission increase and $CO_2$ emission decreased.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 2004

The use of biomass has attracted extensive attention from the beginning of civilization. However, intensive researches on the biomass from the view point of the development of alternative energy have been carried out just recently. Fast pyrolysis, as a tool for the utilization of the biomass as the secondary energy source has drawn great attentions due to high applicability for the production of several valuable materials from biomass. This review paper focuses on the recent developments of pyrolysis process and reports the characteristics of bio-oil, which is the main product of fast pyrolysis of biomass.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.33-38
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• 2009

Poly(vinyl acetate) films containing benzophenone were photocrosslinked by continuous UV irradiation.UV irradiation of PVAc film containing 5% benzophenone induced bulk crosslinking of the polymer indicated by 84.1% of gel fraction after ethyl acetate extraction. The crosslinking was attributed to the recombination of tertiary polymer radicals generated upon UV irradiation, which was enhanced by the hydrogen abstraction of benzophenone. Also the UV irradiation resulted in scission of ester linkage and photooxidation of PVAc surface, which was verified by ATR and zeta potential analysis, implying that the PVAc surface became more polar and hydrophilic. The zeta potential proportionally increased from +4.5mV to -26.8 mV with increasing UV irradiation. Also the surface energy of the PVAc film increased with higher UV irradiation upto 56.5 $mJ/m^2$ by the enhanced Lewis acid/base component with larger contribution of Lewis acid parameter. Accordingly the crosslinked PVAc showed higher thermal stability with increasing UV energy.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.322-329
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of BIO-CLOD on advanced wastewater treatment for enhanced removal efficiency and meeting the stringent discharge water requirements of wastewater treatment plants. Methods: Two experimental apparatuses consisting of anaerobic, anoxic and aeration tanks were operated. One included a BIO-CLOD cultivation tank. Organic and nutrient parameters and removal efficiency were analyzed by pH, BOD, CODcr, SS, T-N and T-P. Results: The average removal efficiencies of BOD, COD and SS from the apparatus with BIO-CLOD tank installation were 95.5%, 88.6% and 92.9%, respectively, and these were higher than the results from the apparatus without BIO-CLOD. The average TP removal efficiency with BIO-CLOD tank marked 56.0%, higher than the 47.3% from the apparatus without one. BIO-CLOD showed a higher performance for TN removal at 49.6%, compared to the result without BIO-CLOD of 34.3% Conclusion: By reaction with BIO-CLOD, ammonia removal was effective in the aeration tank, as was phosphorus release in the anaerobic tank. Phosphorus luxury uptake and nitrification in aeration tank proceeded smoothly. The application of BIO-CLOD can improve the decrease of odor and settleability of activated sludge in a wastewater treatment plant, as well as increase the removal efficiency of organic and nutrient materials in water.

• Rapid Communication in Photoscience
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.59-60
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• 2014

The trans-$A_2B_2$ porphyrin and Ni-porphyrin derivatives were synthesized by Suzuki coupling of bromoporphyrin with arylborate as a key step. The band gaps of those complexes were measured from their absorption, emission and cyclic voltammetric data. All the LUMO energy level of porphyrin derivatives is lower than that of P3HT, and the HOMO energy level is evaluated higher than the HOMO of PCBM.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2000.10b
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• pp.3-16
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• 2000

Protection agriculture is the essential choice for human to increase the efficiency of limited crop production area under harsh and changeable weather boundary conditions, extend growing season, maximize the crop yields, and then increase the sustainable income of the grower. The investment costs far greenhouses as well as labor and energy costs are much higher than for conventional plant production systems, so these can only be balanced by better crop yields, higher labor productivity, and higher energy efficiency. (omitted)

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.258-264
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• 2015

Rubber composites were prepared by precured CIIR pulverized at knead shear force in order to research the effects of the BR/PCP composites. The particle size of domain in BR/CIIR composites was decreased and homogeneously dispersed by the precured CIIR pulverized. However, it was difficult to use the product when the content is 40 phr and precured of 40%. BR/PCP composites have improved mechanical properies as compared that of the addition of simply cut chip composite.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2016

Biomass has been used for energy sources from the prehistoric age. Biomass are converted into solid, liquid or gaseous fuels and are used for heating, electricity generation or for transportation recently. Solid biofuels such as bio-chips or bio-pellet are used for heating or electricity generation. Liquid biofuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol from sugars or lignocellulosics are well known renewable transportation fuels. biogas produced from organic waste are also used for heating, generation and vehicles. Biomass resources for the production of above mentioned biofuels are classified under following 4 categories, such as forest biomass, agricultural residue biomass, livestock manure and municipal organic wastes. The energy potential of those biomass resources existing in Korea are estimated. The energy potential for dry biomass (forest, agricultural, municipal waste) were estimated from their heating value contained, whereas energy potential of wet biomass (livestock manure, food waste, waste sludge) is calculated from the biological methane potential of them on annual basis. Biomass resources potential of those 4 categories in Korea are estimated to be as follows. Forest biomass 355.602 million TOE, agricultural biomass 4.019 million TOE, livestock manure biomass 1.455 million TOE, and municipal organic waste 1.074 million TOE are available for biofuels production annually.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.10
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• pp.3833-3840
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• 2022

A method for calibrating the energy scale and detection efficiency of stilbene scintillators is presented herein. This method can be used to quantitatively analyze the Compton continuum of gamma-ray spectra obtained using such scintillators. First, channel-energy calibration was conducted by fitting a semi-empirical equation for the Compton continuum to the acquired energy spectrum and a new method to evaluate the intrinsic detection efficiency, called intrinsic Compton efficiency, of stilbene scintillators was proposed. The validity of this method was verified by changing experimental conditions such as the number of sources being measured simultaneously and the detector-source distance. According to the energy calibration, the standard error for the estimated Compton edge position was ±1.56 keV. The comparison of the intrinsic Compton efficiencies calculated from the single- and two-source spectra showed that the mean absolute difference and the mean absolute percentage difference are 0.031 %p and 0.557%, respectively, demonstrating reasonable accuracy of this method. The feasibility of the method was confirmed for an energy range of 0.5-1.5 MeV, showing that stilbene scintillators can be used to quantitatively analyze gamma rays in mixed-radiation fields.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.562-569
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• 2024

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes a devastating bacterial leaf blight in rice. Here, the antimicrobial effects of ᴰ-limonene, ᴸ-limonene, and its oxidative derivative carveol against Xoo were investigated. We revealed that carveol treatment at ≥ 0.1 mM in liquid culture resulted in significant decrease in Xoo growth rate (> 40%) in a concentration-dependent manner, and over 1 mM, no growth was observed. The treatment with ᴰ-limonene and ᴸ-limonene also inhibited the Xoo growth but to a lesser extent compared to carveol. These results were further elaborated with the assays of motility, biofilm formation and xanthomonadin production. The carveol treatment over 1 mM caused no motilities, basal level of biofilm formation (< 10%), and significantly reduced xanthomonadin production. The biofilm formation after the treatment with two limonene isomers was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, but the degree of the effect was not comparable to carveol. In addition, there was negligible effect on the xanthomonadin production mediated by the treatment of two limonene isomers. Field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) unveiled that all three compounds used in this study cause severe ultrastructural morphological changes in Xoo cells, showing shrinking, shriveling, and holes on their surface. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR revealed that carveol and ᴰ-limonene treatment significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in virulence and biofilm formation of Xoo, but not with ᴸ-limonene. Together, we suggest that limonenes and carveol will be the candidates of interest in the development of biological pesticides.