• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2011

Bile salt hydrolase (BSH, EC 3.5.1.24) activity, which cleaves amide bond between carboxyl group (bile acid) and amino group (glycine or taurine), is commonly detected in gut-associated species of human and animal. During the screening of BSH active strains from the fecal samples of elderly human volunteers, strain CU30-2 was isolated on the basis of the highly active BSH producing activity. A bsh gene of the isolate was cloned into the pET22b expression vector and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Gold by induction with 1mM IPTG. The overexpressed BSH enzyme with 6x His-tag was purified with apparent homogeneity using a $Ni^+$-NTA agarose column and characterized. The BSH enzyme of E. faecalis CU30-2 exhibited approximately 50 times higher activity against glycol-conjugated bile salts than tauro-conjugated bile salts having the highest activity against glycocholic acid. Considering the prevalence of E. faecalis strains in the human GI tract and glycol-conjugates dominated bile acid composition of human bile, further study is needed to investigate the impact of the BSH activity exerted by E. faecalis strains to the host as well as to the BSH producing strains.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.32 no.2 s.125
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• pp.121-127
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• 2001

The effect of bear bile on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated in 6-week-old C57BL/6 male mice. Bear bile (100 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg) was administered orally daily for 4 weeks, respectively. From the second week, $10\;{\mu}g/kg$ of TCDD was administered to the bear bile-treated animals orally once a week for 3 weeks (a total of $30\;{\mu}g/kg$). There were no specific clinical findings and significant body weight changes in all groups. Although the livers in TCDD-treated mice appeared a severe hypertrophy and many necrotic foci, and changed to yellow-brown color in gross findings, these lesions were remarkably reduced by bear bile administration. The elevated serum activities of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase due to TCDD were significantly decreased by bear bile treatment (P<0.05). The lipid peroxidation induced by TCDD was significantly prevented by bear bile administration (P<0.05). In histological examinations, there were a moderate necrosis of hepatic cells around central veins, severe cytoplasmic vacuolizations, inflammatory cell infiltrations, and remarkable fatty changes in the liver of TCDD-treated animals. However, the lesions were dose-dependently inhibited by the bear bile treatments. These findings indicate that bear bile may have a protective effect against TCDD-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 1987

A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of free and glycine conjugated bile acids. Free and glycine conjugated bile acids were extracted from bear gall bladder by methanol and from serum using a Sep-pak $C_{18}$ catridge. The extracted bile acids were labeled with 2-bromoacetyltriphenylene in acetonitrite using 18-crown-6-ether as a catalyst. Derivatized bile acids were separated from the individual bile acids on a reversedphase column (Chemcosorb 5-ODS-H) using acetonitrile-methanol-water(10:50:30) as a mobile phase and monitored by an UV-detector at 254nm. Linearities of calibration curve were obtained between 4 ng and 24 ng, and recoveries from bear gall bladder sample were higher than 94%.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.68-72
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• 1996

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), secondary bile acids, have been shown to have a cell differentiation activity in mouse F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. Treatment with bile acids induced morphological changes, including cytoplasmic and nuclear membrane blebbing, aggregation of organelles, and chromatin condensation, corresponding to apoptosis. Moreover, the bile acids induced intemucleosomal DNA fragmentation, a hallmark of apoptosis. In addition, the expression of c-jun was increased, but that of c-myc and laminin was decreased during apoptosis induced by the bile acids in F9 cells. These results suggest that the bile acids can induce apoptosis in F9 cells. Furthermore, the c-jun expression may be related to the apoptosis induced by UDCA or LCA in F9 cells.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.126-129
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• 1996

Spontaneous perforation of CBD in infant is a rare but fatal disease. We report a case of bile leakage from common bile duct in 11 months old girl with progressive abdominal distension and vomiting, preoperatively diagnosed by hepatobiliary scan with 99mTc-DISIDA, which was confirmed by surgery, Operative cholangiogram showed a small perforation at the confluence of cystic duct and common bile duct with mild fusiform dilatation, and no definite abnormality in confluence of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct. Simple drainage of the free peritoneal bilous fluid and T-tube drainage were performed without any evidence of the complication. Patient was inevitable for 6 months OPD follow-up examination.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.17-18
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• 2018

A 12-year-old spayed female Cocker Spaniel was presented with vomiting, diarrhea, depression, and hyporexia of 3-day duration. Microscopic examination of the abdominal fluid from a dog showed basophilic, amorphous to fibrillar materials without bile pigments or crystals. Total bilirubin concentration of the fluid was 19 times higher than the serum bilirubin concentration and exploratory laparotomy revealed a ruptured gallbladder and mucoceles in the abdominal cavity. Rupture of gallbladder mucoceles may cause atypical bile peritonitis in which mucinous material is observed instead of bile pigment.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1162-1171
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic effects of a traditional Korean treatment on the symptom improvement and loss of bile juice in cases of functional dyspepsia of gastric dysmotility complicated by bile juice reflux. Methods: Dyspeptic symptoms, gastric motility (electrogastrography and bowel sound analysis), and gastric mucosa (gastroendoscopy) were evaluated. The treatment consisted of Banwhasashim-tang (extract) used as a herbal drug. Both ST36 electrical stimulation and simple immersion stimulation of CV11, 12, and 13 in the abdomen were also applied. Results: Dyspeptic symptoms, including a foreign body sensation in the throat, indigestion, and upper abdominal pain, were all relieved by the treatment and gastric myoelectrical activity and gastric pyloric function were improved. Bile juice disappeared from the gastric mucosa. Conclusion: The traditional Korean treatment was effective at relieving dyspeptic symptoms and bile juice reflux by improving the pyloric sphincter function.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.695-701
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• 2013

Opisthorchis viverrini infection causes inflammation and liver injury leading to periductal fibrosis. Little is known about the pathological alterations in bile canaliculi in opisthorchiasis. This study aimed to investigate bile canalicular alterations in O. viverrini-infected hamsters and to examine the chemopreventive effects of curcumin on such changes. Hamsters were infected with O. viverrini and one group of animals was fed with 1% dietary curcumin supplement. Animals were examined during the acute infection phase, days 21 and 30 post-infection (PI) and chronic infection phase (day 90 PI). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that in the infected group fed with a normal diet, bile canaliculi became slightly tortuous by 30 day PI and more tortuous at day 90 PI. Transmission electron microscopy showed a reduction in microvilli density of canaliculi starting at day 30 PI, with a marked loss of microvilli at day 90 PI. These ultrastructral changes were slightly seen at day 21 PI, which was similar to that found in infected animals fed with 1% curcumin-supplemented diet. Notably, curcumin treatment prevented the reduction of microvilli density, reduced the dilation of bile canaliculi, and decreased the tortuosity of the bile canaliculi relative to non-infected animals on a normal diet at days 30 and 90 PI. These results suggest that curcumin reduces alteration of bile canaliculi and may be a promising agent to prevent the onset of bile duct abnormalities induced by O. viverrini infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.745-754
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the effects of cholate and deoxycholate on pancreatic exocrine secretion in conscious sheep with external bile and pancreatic fistulae. Bile and pancreatic juices were collected for a basal period of 2 hours. The pancreatic juice was returned to the intestine. Bile salts were infused into the jugular vein or duodenum for 90 minutes at the rate of 0.7mg/kg/min. Cholate and deoxycholate significantly increased the flow rate, pH and bicarbonate concentration of bile juice, but decreased the flow rate of pancreatic juice. The effects induced by intraduodenal infusion of both bile salts were significantly greater than those by intravenous infusion. Protein concentration and amylase activity in pancreatic juice were also significantly decreased by both bile salts; the effects were greater when the bile salts were infused into the duodenum than into the vein. The inhibitory effects induced by deoxycholate infusion were significantly greater than those by cholate infusion. The plasma concentration of secretin was significantly increased by intravenous infusion of deoxycholate, but it was not effected by intraduodenal infusion of both bile salts. The results indicated that cholate and deoxycholate markedly increased the secretion of bile juice and decreased the pancreatic exocrine secretion, although these effects were variable depending on the chemical composition or infusion routes.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2012

Under some pathological conditions as bile flow obstruction or liver diseases with the enterohepatic circulation being disrupted, regurgitation of bile acids into the systemic circulation occurs and the plasma level of bile acids increases. Bile acids in circulation may affect the nervous system. We examined this possibility by studying the effects of bile acids on gating of neuronal (N)-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel that is essential for neurotransmitter release at synapses of the peripheral and central nervous system. N-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel currents were recorded from bullfrog sympathetic neuron under a cell-attached mode using 100 mM $Ba^{2+}$ as a charge carrier. Cholic acid (CA, $10^{-6}M$) that is relatively hydrophilic thus less cytotoxic was included in the pipette solution. CA suppressed the open probability of N-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel, which appeared to be due to an increase in (no activity) sweeps. For example, the proportion of sweep in the presence of CA was ~40% at +40 mV as compared with ~8% in the control recorded without CA. Other single channel properties including slope conductance, single channel current amplitude, open and shut times were not significantly affected by CA being present. The results suggest that CA could modulate N-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel gating at a concentration as low as $10^{-6}M$. Bile acids have been shown to activate nonselective cation conductance and depolarize the cell membrane. Under pathological conditions with increased circulating bile acids, CA suppression of N-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel function may be beneficial against overexcitation of the synapses.