• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.540-547
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• 2011

High consumption of fruits and vegetables has been suggested to provide some protection to smokers who are exposed to an increased risk of numerous cancers and other degenerative diseases. Carrot is the most important source of dietary ${\beta}$-carotene. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether carrot juice supplementation to smokers can protect against lymphocyte DNA damage and to compare the effect of supplementationof capsules containing purified ${\beta}$-carotene or a placebo (simple lactose). The study was conducted in a randomized and placebo-controlled design. After a depletion period of 14 days, 48 smokers were supplemented with either carrot juice (n = 18), purified ${\beta}$-carotene (n = 16) or placebo (n = 14). Each group was supplemented for 8 weeks with approximately 20.49 mg of ${\beta}$-carotene/day and 1.2 mg of vitamin C/day, as carrot juice (300 ml/day) or purified ${\beta}$-carotene (20.49 mg of ${\beta}$-carotene, 1 capsule/day). Lymphocyte DNA damage was determined using the COMET assay under alkaline conditions and damage was quantified by measuring tail moment (TM), tail length (TL), and% DNA in the tail. Lymphocyte DNA damage was significantly decreased in the carrot juice group in all three measurements. The group that received purified ${\beta}$-carotene also showed a significant decrease in lymphocyte DNA damage in all three measurements. However, no significant changes in DNA damage was observed for the placebo group except TM (P = 0.016). Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme was not significantly changed after supplementation. Similarly plasma lipid profiles were not different after carrot juice, ${\beta}$-carotene and placebo supplementation. These results suggest that while the placebo group failed to show any protective effect, carrot juice containing beta-carotene or purified ${\beta}$-carotene itself had great antioxidative potential in preventing damage to lymphocyte DNA in smokers.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.335-341
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• 2019

Beta-carotene is the most prominent member of the group of carotenoids, natural colorants that occur in the human diet. Beta-carotene is also an effective source of vitamin A in both conventional foods and vitamin supplements, and it's generally safe. In this study, we explored the beta-carotene contents in agricultural products widely and specifically grown in Korea. The beta-carotene contents were ranging from 223 to $27,908{\mu}g/100g$ in leaves, and 0 to $7,588{\mu}g/100g$ in vegetables. In leaves and vegetables, the amount of beta-carotene was the highest in green tea powder ($27,908{\mu}g/100g$), followed by pepper ($7,588{\mu}g/100g$). In fruits, the beta-carotene content was found to range from $0{\mu}g/1,011g$ to maximum of $293.66{\mu}g/100g$(plumcot). However, there beta-carotene was not detected in strawberry. In the case of cereals and specialty crops, the beta-carotene contents were $326{\mu}g/100g$ for non-glutinous rice, $313{\mu}g/100g$ for glutinous rice, $57{\mu}g/100g$ for amaranth and $15{\mu}g/100g$ for pine nut, respectively. However, the beta-carotene content was not detected in other samples. This study revealed the presence of beta-carotene content in agricultural products specifically grown in Korea for nutritional information and food composition database.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제46권9호
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• pp.1143-1150
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical and intracellular antioxidant activities of ${\beta}$-carotene and lycopene and to compare their quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR). In our previous study, the second ionization energy of lycopene was higher than that of ${\beta}$-carotene, as calculated by QSAR. Chemical antioxidant activities of ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, and Trolox were examined by measuring ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Intracellular antioxidant activities were evaluated by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA fragmentation. The FRAP of lycopene was higher than that of ${\beta}$-carotene (P<0.05), and the two carotenoids had similar antioxidant activities in DPPH radical scavenging activity assay. Trolox had the greatest chemical antioxidant activities (P<0.05). When RAW264.7 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/mL) for 20 h, intracellular ROS and DNA fragmentation significantly increased (P<0.05). RAW 264.7 cells pretreated with ${\beta}$-carotene ($4{\mu}M$) and lycopene ($0.4{\sim}2{\mu}M$) for 4 h formed significantly less intracellular ROS than LPS-treated control cells (P<0.05), whereas cells with Trolox did not reduce production of intracellular ROS. In addition, cells pretreated with $2{\mu}M$ lycopene produced less intracellular ROS than those treated with ${\beta}$-carotene (P<0.05). DNA fragmentation of cells with ${\beta}$-carotene and lycopene was similar to that of LPS-treated control cells as measured by Hoechst staining. The antioxidant ability of lycopene was greater than that of ${\beta}$-carotene in the QSAR, FRAP, and intracellular ROS assays (P<0.05). ${\beta}$-Carotene and lycopene had lower antioxidant activities as measured by FRAP (P<0.05) but higher intracellular protective effects against LPS-induced oxidative stress in comparison with Trolox.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2002

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin A or $\beta$-carotene on oxidative damage induced by acute ethanol administration. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on the experimental diets supplemented with retinyl acetate (2.86 mg/kg diet) or $\beta$-carotene (15.2 mg/kg diet) for 5 weeks. After fed the diet, rats were administered 20% ethanol solution (3g/kg B.W.) acutely. Lipid peroxide values in hepatic tissue, hepatic antioxidative enzyme activities and contents of antioxidative nutrient such as vitamins A and E in serum and hepatic tissue were measured. Hepatic level of malondialdehyde decreased in $\beta$-carotene group compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference between retinal acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups. Superoxide dismutase activity was higher in retinal acetate group than in the control group. Hepatic glutathione-S-transferase activity of retinal acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups significantly decreased as compared with that of control group. The hepatic content of retinol increased in retinal acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups, especially, in retinyl acetate group. But there was no significant difference in serum content of retinol among the groups. Hepatic content of $\alpha$-tocopherol was significantly increased in retinyl acetate and $\beta$-carotene groups. In conclusion, acute ethanol administration might induce lipid peroxidation, and the dietary supplementation of retinyl acetate or $\beta$-carotene improve partly the antioxidative system through activation of superoxide dismutase and retention of hepatic $\alpha$-tocopherol in ethanol-treated rats.

• Food Industry And Nutrition
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2002

본 연구는 retinyl acetate와 $\beta$-carotene보충식이가 에탄올에 의한 산화적 손상에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 흰쥐에게 비타민 A와 $\beta$-carotene을 보충한 식이를 5주간 급여한 후 에탄올을 급성으로 투여하여 혈청과 간 조직에서 생성되는 지질과 지질과산화물 함량 그리고 glucose-6-phosphatase 활성도를 측정하였다. 본 실험에서 얻은 결과를 요약하면 체중 증가량은 전 실험군에서 유의적인 차이없이 실험 기간 동안 증가되었으며 사료섭취량과 식이효율을 그리고 간 중량 역시 각 군 모두 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 혈청 중성지질 함량은 대조군과 retinyl acetate 보충군에서 높은 함량을 보였으나 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 총 콜레스테를 함량은 대조군과 $\beta$-carotene 보충군은 비슷한 수준을 나타낸 반면 retinyl acetate 보충군에서는 유의적으로 감소되었다. HDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 대조군에서 가장 높았으며 LDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 유의적이지는 않았으나 retinyl acetate 보충군에서 가장 낮은 함량을 보였다. 동맥경화지수는 전 실험군에서 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 retinyl acetate 보충군에서 가장 낮았다. 간 마이크로솜 내에서 지질과산화물 함량은 재도군에 비하여 $\beta$-carotene 보충군에서 유의적으로 감소되었다. Retinyl acetate와 $\beta$-carotene 보충군 사이에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 급성적인 에탄올 투여시에 $\beta$-carotene의 보충 급여가 지질과산화반응에 방어효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 간 조직중의 glucose-6-phosphatase 활성도는 비타민을 정상적으로 공급시킨 대조군이 retinyl acetate나 B-carotene 보충군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았으며 retinyl acetat와 B-carotene 보충군 사이에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.272-281
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• 1994

To investigate the effects on pigmentation and carotenoids metabolism of sea bass, Lateolablax japonicus, by supplemented carotenoids, fish were fed the diets each containing ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein ester, astaxanthin, astaxanthin monoester and astaxanthin diester for 8 weeks. Carotenoids in the integuments were analyzed. The important carotenoids in the integuments of sea bass were tunaxanthin and lutein. ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and ${\beta}$-carotene triol were minor contributors. Differences in the content of ${\beta}$-carotene, tunaxanthin fraction and lutein were observed between the natural and cultured sea bass. The wild sea bass contained higher amounts of tunaxanthin fraction and lutein, but contained lower amounts of ${\beta}$-carotene than cultured sea bass. In cultured sea bass with supplemented carotenoids, carotenoid deposition was higher in order of astaxanthin monoester group, astaxanthin group and astaxanthin diester group. Based on the contents and composition of carotenoids in each group after the feeding the experimental diet, The metabolism of carotenoid in sea bass was presumed to be the reductive metabolic pathways: astaxanthin to tunaxanthin via ${\beta}$-carotene triol, zeaxanthin and lutein.

• BMB Reports
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.1009-1015
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• 2007

In this communication, we report the efficacy of $\beta$-carotene towards differentiation and apoptosis of leukemia cells. Dose ($20{\mu}M$) and time dependence (12 h) tests of $\beta$-carotene showed a higher magnitude of decrease (significance p < 0.05) in cell numbers and cell viability in HL-60 cells than U937 cells but not normal cell like Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). Microscopical observation of $\beta$-carotene treated cells showed a distinct pattern of morphological abnormalities with inclusion of apoptotic bodies in both leukemia cell lines. When cells were treated with $20{\mu}M$ of $\beta$-carotene, total genomic DNA showed a fragmentation pattern and this pattern was clear in HL-60 than U937 cells. Both the cell lines, on treatment with $\beta$-carotene, showed a clear shift in $G_1$ phase of the cell cycle. In addition the study also revealed anti-oxidant properties of $\beta$-carotene since there was reduction in relative fluorescent when treated than the control at lower concentration. Collectively this study shows the dual phenomenon of apoptosis and differentiation of leukemia cells on treatment with $\beta$-carotene.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.750-758
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• 2009

Smoking is associated with an increased incidence of numerous cancers and other degenerative diseases. It has been suggested that high consumption of fruits and vegetables may give some protection. Especially carrot is the most important source of dietary ${\beta}$-carotene. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate whether carrot juice supplementation to smokers have different or superior effect of compared to the effect supplementing purified ${\beta}$-carotene. The study was conducted in a randomized and placebo-controlled design, after a depletion period of 14 days, 48 smokers were supplemented either carrot juice (n = 18), purified ${\beta}$-carotene (n = 16) or placebo (n = 14). Each group was supplemented for 8 weeks with approximately 20.49 mg of ${\beta}$-carotene/day and 1.2 mg of vitamin C/day, as carrot juice (300 mL/day) or purified ${\beta}$-carotene (1 capsule/day). Plasma vitamin C, vitamin E and ${\beta}$-carotene level were significantly increased after carrot juice and ${\beta}$-carotene supplementation. These results suggest that carrot juice containing ${\beta}$-carotene or ${\beta}$-carotene itself have similar antioxidative potentials by increasing the antioxidant potential in smokers. Therefore, we suggest moderate dose of vitamin supplementation (amount of two servings of vegetable intake) may help to replenish the decreased oxidative stress levels in smokers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.371-377
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• 1995

The effect of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\beta}$-carotene supplementation on reducing the oxidative damag in the liver of rats were studied. Forth-five male Sprague Dawley aged 4 weeks were randomly assigned to 9 groups of five for the 12 weeks of the study. Nine groups, sardine oil, sardine oil＋Vt E, sardine oil＋${\beta}$-carotene, soybean oil, soybean oil＋Vt E, soybean oil＋${\beta}$-carotene, lard, lard＋Vt E, lard＋${\beta}$-carotene group, were prepared. Sardine oil, soybean oil, or lard was used for dietary fat and 200% of ${\alpha}$ -tocopherol or 150% of ${\beta}$-carotene was supplemented to each diet. Each diet supplied 65% of total energy as carbohydrate, 15% as protein, and 20% as lipid. The MDA value and protein carbonyl contents of sardine oil group were significantly different(p<0.05) to those of other fat groups indicating that the most severe lipid oxidation occurred in the group fed diet containing highly polyunsaturated fatty acid. When ${\alpha}$-tocopherol or ${\beta}$ -carotene was supplemented to the sardine oil diet, MDA value(-35%, -15%, respectively) and protein carbonyl content(-44%, -32%, respectively) decreased significantly(p<0.05). Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase activities of three different sardine oil groups with or without antioxidants were lower than those of soybean oil or lard group. The reducing effect of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol on oxidative damage in sardine oil group supplemented with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was noticeable(p<0.05). However the adverse effect of ${\beta}$-carotene was observed. SOD and catalase activities of ${\beta}$-carotene supplemented groups were that the lowest among the same fat groups, but the differences were not statistically significant. The possible cause of decreased enzyme activity seemed to be related to the vitamin A(Vt A) toxicity in the liver where retinol converted from dietary ${\beta}$-carotene in the intestinal mucosa was stored.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.377-381
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• 2001

Chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b and $\beta$-carotene, crude chlorophylls and carotenoids (CCC) extracts of mustard leaf kimchi were isolated by DEAE-sepharose CL-6B and Sepharose CL-6B colume and TLC. The effects of chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b and $\beta$-carotene on linoleic acid autoxidation were examined by the determination of peroxide value and conjugated dienoic acid content. Among them, chlorophyll a showed greater antioxidative activity than others, followed by chlorophyll b, pheophytin a, pheophytin b and $\beta$-carotene. Degradation of pheophytin b was observed to be slower than others and $\beta$-carotene showed highest degradation level during the autoxidation reaction of linoleic acid.