Nutrition Research and Practice

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The effect of carrot juice, ${\beta}$-carotene supplementation on lymphocyte DNA damage, erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and plasma lipid profiles in Korean smoker

  • Lee, Hye-Jin (Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science & Nano Technology, Daedeok Valley Campus, Hannam University) ;
  • Park, Yoo-Kyoung (Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Kang, Myung-Hee (Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science & Nano Technology, Daedeok Valley Campus, Hannam University)
  • Received : 2011.10.04
  • Accepted : 2011.12.07
  • Published : 2011.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

High consumption of fruits and vegetables has been suggested to provide some protection to smokers who are exposed to an increased risk of numerous cancers and other degenerative diseases. Carrot is the most important source of dietary ${\beta}$-carotene. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether carrot juice supplementation to smokers can protect against lymphocyte DNA damage and to compare the effect of supplementationof capsules containing purified ${\beta}$-carotene or a placebo (simple lactose). The study was conducted in a randomized and placebo-controlled design. After a depletion period of 14 days, 48 smokers were supplemented with either carrot juice (n = 18), purified ${\beta}$-carotene (n = 16) or placebo (n = 14). Each group was supplemented for 8 weeks with approximately 20.49 mg of ${\beta}$-carotene/day and 1.2 mg of vitamin C/day, as carrot juice (300 ml/day) or purified ${\beta}$-carotene (20.49 mg of ${\beta}$-carotene, 1 capsule/day). Lymphocyte DNA damage was determined using the COMET assay under alkaline conditions and damage was quantified by measuring tail moment (TM), tail length (TL), and% DNA in the tail. Lymphocyte DNA damage was significantly decreased in the carrot juice group in all three measurements. The group that received purified ${\beta}$-carotene also showed a significant decrease in lymphocyte DNA damage in all three measurements. However, no significant changes in DNA damage was observed for the placebo group except TM (P = 0.016). Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme was not significantly changed after supplementation. Similarly plasma lipid profiles were not different after carrot juice, ${\beta}$-carotene and placebo supplementation. These results suggest that while the placebo group failed to show any protective effect, carrot juice containing beta-carotene or purified ${\beta}$-carotene itself had great antioxidative potential in preventing damage to lymphocyte DNA in smokers.

Keywords

References

  1. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:7915-22. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915
  2. Pryor WA, Stone K. Oxidants in cigarette smoke. Radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;686:12-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb39148.x
  3. Riso P, Martini D, Visioli F, Martinetti A, Porrini M. Effect of broccoli intake on markers related to oxidative stress and cancer risk in healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:232-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580802425688
  4. Wang MY, Lutfiyya MN, Weidenbacher-Hoper V, Anderson G, Su CX, West BJ. Antioxidant activity of noni juice in heavy smokers. Chem Cent J 2009;3:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-3-13
  5. Riso P, Martini D, Moller P, Loft S, Bonacina G, Moro M, Porrini M. DNA damage and repair activity after broccoli intake in young healthy smokers. Mutagenesis 2010;25:595-602. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/geq045
  6. van den Berg R, van Vliet T, Broekmans WM, Cnubben NH, Vaes WH, Roza L, Haenen GR, Bast A, van den Berg H. A vegetable/fruit concentrate with high antioxidant capacity has no effect on biomarkers of antioxidant status in male smokers. J Nutr 2001;131:1714-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.6.1714
  7. Jacobson JS, Begg MD, Wang LW, Wang Q, Agarwal M, Norkus E, Singh VN, Young TL, Yang D, Santella RM. Effects of a 6-month vitamin intervention on DNA damage in heavy smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000;9:1303-11.
  8. Lee BM, Lee SK, Kim HS. Inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, 8-OHdG, and carbony1 contents in smokers treated with antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, $\beta$-carotene and red ginseng). Cancer Lett 1998;132:219-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(98)00227-4
  9. Moller P, Viscovich M, Lykkesfeldt J, Loft S, Jensen A, Poulsen HE. Vitamin C supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells of smokers. Eur J Nutr 2004;43: 267-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-004-0470-6
  10. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti M, Hartman AM, Palmgren J, Freedman LS, Haapakoski J, Barrett MJ, Pietinen P, Malila N, Tala E, Liippo K, Salomaa ER, Tangrea JA, Teppo L, Askin FB, Taskinen E, Erozan Y, Greenwald P, Huttunen JK. $\alpha$-Tocopherol and $\alpha$-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the $\alpha$-tocopherol, $\alpha$- carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88: 1560-70. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/88.21.1560
  11. USDA-Iowa State University [Internet]. Database on the isoflavone content of foods. [cited 2003 April 10]. Available from: http:// www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6382.
  12. Kim JS, Yoon S. Isoflavone contents and $\beta$-glucosidase activities of soybeans, Meju, and Doenjang. Korean J Food Sci Technol 1999;31:1405-9.
  13. Hertog MGL, Hollman PCH, Katan MB. Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetables and 9 fruits commonly consumed in the Netherlands. J Agric Food Chem 1992;40:2379-83. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00024a011
  14. Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993;342:1007-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92876-U
  15. Hertog MG, Kromhout D, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Fidanza F, Giampaoli S, Jansen A, Menotti A, Nedeljkovic S, Pekkarinen M, Simic BS, Toshima H, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:381-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430040053006
  16. Bilyk A, Cooper PL, Sapers GM. Varietal differences in distribution of quercetin and kaempferol in onion (Allium cepa L.) tissue. J Agric Food Chem 1984;32:274-6. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00122a024
  17. Bilyk A, Sapers GM. Distribution of quercetin and kaempferol in lettuce, kale, chive, garlic chive, leek, horseradish, red radish, and red cabbage tissues. J Agric Food Chem 1985;33:226-8. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00062a017
  18. Park YK, Kim Y, Park E, Kim JS, Kang MH. Estimated flavonoids intake in Korean adults using semiquantitative foodfrequency questionnaire. Korean J Nutr 2002;35:1081-8.
  19. Kim M, Kim MC, Park JS, Park EJ, Lee JO. Determination of antioxidants contents in various plants used as tea materials. Korean J Food Sci Technol 1999;31:273-9.
  20. Rojas E, Lopez MC, Valverde M. Single cell gel electrophoresis assay: methodology and applications. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1999;722:225-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(98)00313-2
  21. Aebi H. Catalase. In: Bergmeyer HU, editor. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie; 1974. p.673-8.
  22. Beutler E. Glutathione peroxidase. In: Red Cell Metabolism: A Manual of Biochemical Methods. Orlando: Grune and Stratton; 1984. p.71-3.
  23. Marklund S, Marklund G. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem 1974;47:469-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x
  24. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499- 502.
  25. Hemilä H, Kaprio J. Modification of the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the mortality of male smokers by age and dietary vitamin C. Am J Epidemiol 2009;169:946-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn413
  26. Li N, Jia X, Chen CY, Blumberg JB, Song Y, Zhang W, Zhang X, Ma G, Chen J. Almond consumption reduces oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in male smokers. J Nutr 2007; 137:2717-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.12.2717
  27. Lee J, Lee E, Oh E, Lee J, Sul D, Kim J. Increased DNA damage of lymphocytes in Korean male smokers. J Prev Med Public Health 2007;40:16-22. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.1.16
  28. Yildiz A, Gür M, Yilmaz R, Demirbağ R, Celik H, Aslan M, Koçyiğit A. Lymphocyte DNA damage and total antioxidant status in patients with white-coat hypertension and sustained hypertension. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2008;36:231-8.
  29. Zeyrek D, Cakmak A, Atas A, Kocyigit A, Erel O. DNA damage in children with asthma bronchiale and its association with oxidative and antioxidative measurements. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009;20:370-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00780.x
  30. Gill CI, Haldar S, Boyd LA, Bennett R, Whiteford J, Butler M, Pearson JR, Bradbury I, Rowland IR. Watercress supplementation in diet reduces lymphocyte DNA damage and alters blood antioxidant status in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:504-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.2.504
  31. Park YK, Lee SH, Park E, Kim JS, Kang MH. Changes in antioxidant status, blood pressure, and lymphocyte DNA damage from grape juice supplementation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171:385-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04907.x
  32. Schneider M, Diemer K, Engelhart K, Zankl H, Trommer WE, Biesalski HK. Protective effects of vitamins C and E on the number of micronuclei in lymphocytes in smokers and their role in ascorbate free radical formation in plasma. Free Radic Res 2001;34:209-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760100300201
  33. Stracke BA, Rüfer CE, Bub A, Briviba K, Seifert S, Kunz C, Watzl B. Bioavailability and nutritional effects of carotenoids from organically and conventionally produced carrots in healthy men. Br J Nutr 2009;101:1664-72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508116269
  34. Pool-Zobel BL, Bub A, Müller H, Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G. Consumption of vegetables reduces genetic damage in humans: first results of a human intervention trial with carotenoid-rich foods. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:1847-50. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/18.9.1847
  35. Kim HY, Lim YI, Russell RM. Changes in carotenoids contents in pureed and cooked carrot and spinach during storage. Korean J Soc Food Cookery Sci 2003;19:83-95.
  36. Fernandez-Pachon MS, Berná G, Otaolaurruchi E, Troncoso AM, Martín F, García-Parrilla MC. Changes in antioxidant endogenous enzymes (activity and gene expression levels) after repeated red wine intake. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:6578-83. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf901863w
  37. Nielsen SE, Young JF, Daneshvar B, Lauridsen ST, Knuthsen P, Sandström B, Dragsted LO. Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) intake on urinary apigenin excretion, blood antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers for oxidative stress in human subjects. Br J Nutr 1999;81:447-55. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711459900080X
  38. Freese R, Dragsted LO, Loft S, Mutanen M. No effect on oxidative stress biomarkers by modified intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids or vegetables and fruit. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62:1151-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602865
  39. Park YK, Park E, Kim JS, Kang MH. Daily grape juice consumption reduces oxidative DNA damage and plasma free radical levels in healthy Koreans. Mutat Res 2003;529:77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(03)00109-X
  40. Hall WL, Vafeiadou K, Hallund J, Bugel S, Reimann M, Koebnick C, Zunft HJ, Ferrari M, Branca F, Dadd T, Talbot D, Powell J, Minihane AM, Cassidy A, Nilsson M, Dahlman-Wright K, Gustafsson JA, Williams CM. Soy-isoflavone-enriched foods and markers of lipid and glucose metabolism in postmenopausal women: interactions with genotype and equol production. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:592-600. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.83.3.592
  41. Hininger I, Chopra M, Thurnham DI, Laporte F, Richard MJ, Favier A, Roussel AM. Effect of increased fruit and vegetable intake on the susceptibility of lipoprotein to oxidation in smokers. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:601-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600451
  42. García-Alonso FJ, Jorge-Vidal V, Ros G, Periago MJ. Effect of consumption of tomato juice enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the lipid profile, antioxidant biomarker status, and cardiovascular disease risk in healthy women. Eur J Nutr 2011 Jul 14. [Epub ahead of print]

Cited by

  1. Association between oxidative stress and blood pressure in Korean subclinical hypertensive patients vol.46, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2013.46.2.126
  2. Effect of the magnetized water supplementation on blood glucose, lymphocyte DNA damage, antioxidant status, and lipid profiles in STZ-induced rats vol.7, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2013.7.1.34
  3. Impact of Natural Juice Consumption on Plasma Antioxidant Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis vol.20, pp.12, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219834
  4. Protective effects of acerola juice on genotoxicity induced by iron in vivo vol.39, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0157
  5. Lymphocyte DNA damage and plasma antioxidant status in Korean subclinical hypertensive patients by glutathione S-transferase polymorphism vol.11, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2017.11.3.214
  6. Possible benefits of tomato juice consumption: a pilot study on irradiated human lymphocytes from healthy donors vol.16, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-017-0248-3
  7. HepG2 세포에서 AMPK 활성화를 통한 호나복(胡蘿蔔) 에탄올 추출물의 간 세포 보호 효과 vol.26, pp.4, 2011, https://doi.org/10.14374/hfs.2018.26.4.329
  8. Solanum lycopersicum and Daucus carota: effective anticancer agents (a mini review) vol.1943, pp.1, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1943/1/012169