• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.26-43
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• 2014

This study is a literature review on berries and their cooking methods that appear in ancient and modern Korean literature. Due to recent reports on berries' excellent functionality and the public's growing interest in healthy living, berries have been attracted attention as promising forms of sustenance. By structuring and classifying the types of berries and their popularity as well as recipes using berries found in ancient and modern Korean literature, this review hopes to serve as an important source that reflects both the food culture and social aspects associated with the value of berries in the lives of Korean people as well as foster understanding of the superiority of Korean food culture. This study will also have implications on the possibility of integrating antioxidant-rich berries into the modern food landscape. The study results are summarized as follows. Types of berries were classified into six types (Korean cherry, Omija, Gugija, Bokbunja, Black cherry, Mulberry) while cooking methods were classified into five types (Korean traditional snack, Korean traditional beverage, Liquors, Porridge, Pilule) in the ancient and modern literature of Korea. The aim of this literature review is to highlight the value-creating aspect of berries as food materials that can yield high added-value products. Beyond their value as healthy fruits, this study will explore the features of berries that enhance their added value and brand marketing as well as their aspects suitable for application to the modern industry of berry product development.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2017

This study was performed to assess microbial contamination of Aronia melanocarpa, blueberry, raspberry, and cranberry sold in several markets. We investigated total aerobic bacteria and detected foodborne bacteria by multiplex PCR from Aronia melanocarpa, blueberry, raspberry, and cranberry. Total aerobic bacteria of each sample showed mean 3.54 log CFU/g for Aronia melanocarpa, mean 1.90 log CFU/g for blueberry, and mean 1.40 log CFU/g for raspberry, but not detected in cranberry. Specially, Aronia melanocarpa contained high total aerobic bacteria contamination among various berries and contamination level reached 4.17 log CFU/g in sample 5. To evaluate the effect of distribution conditions, we also investigated total aerobic bacteria of various berries. Total aerobic bacteria showed mean 2.89 log CFU/g for berries in refrigerated distribution and 1.40 log CFU/g in frozen distribution, but not in dry distribution. For assessment of foodborne bacteria contamination, we conducted PCR with multiplex primers of E. coli O157, S. aureus, B. cereus, V. parahaemolyticus, L. monocytogenes, Y. enterocolitica, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. Among these foodborne bacteria, B. cereus was amplified in Aronia melanocarpa in sample 4 and blueberry in sample 1, 2, 3, and 5. The result of quantitative analysis of B. cereus contamination showed 4.08 log CFU/g of Aronia melanocarpa in sample 4 and higher contamination rate 4.07 log CFU/g of blueberry in sample 3. These results suggest that strict food safety control in harvest and distribution of various berries is necessary to prevent foodborne disease and improve microbiological safety.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2015

Edible berries are rich in anthocyanins and phenolic acids, compounds that possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other biological activities. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of five berries including acaiberry (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), Aronia/black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa), blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), black currant (Ribes nigrum L.), and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) were assessed. The Aronia G (prepared by GreenField s.c.) exhibited the highest antioxidant activities as shown in total phenolic (138.81 mg CAE/g), flavonoid (3.68 mg QE/g), and anthocyanin (20.31 mg/g) contents compared to the other berries. It also showed the strongest scavenging activities such as DPPH (69.69 mg vitamin C/g) and ABTS radical scavenging activity ($757.79{\mu}mol$ trolox/g). Aronia G exhibited strong ferric reducing antioxidant power ($553.98{\mu}mol$ vitamin C/g), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity ($820.92{\mu}mol$ trolox/g). In addition, black currant and Aronia showed stronger inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell than the other berries. According to the above results, the Aronia and other edible berries have notably high level of antioxidant activities and they could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2020

To ensure food safety of berries from radioactive contamination, radioactivity monitoring was conducted with a total 258 samples of the berries and processed berry products distributed in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, from 2016 to 2018. The concentration of artificial radionuclides, ¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs, was analyzed using gamma-ray spectrometry. ¹³¹I and ¹³⁴Cs were not detected above the MDA (Minimum Detectable Activity) value from any of the samples. However, the range of radioactivity concentration of ¹³⁷Cs was 0.69-808.90 Bq/kg in 39 cases of berries. ¹³⁷Cs was detected at 0.70-3.29 Bq/kg from 6 cases of domestic berries, which were manufactured from imported raw materials. Among 33 cases of imported berries, ¹³⁷Cs was detected at 0.69-808.90 Bq/kg. The concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs in 1 case of blueberry powder product (808.90 Bq/kg) and 2 cases of lingonberry powder products (103.93, 188.46 Bq/kg) exceed domestic maximum radioactivity limits, and these were detected in the berries from Poland. These results suggest that monitoring system for imported berries and processed berry products should be continuously intensified to secure food safety.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.240-247
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• 2005

Phytochemical investigation of the berries of Juniperus phoenicea led to the isolation of 4 compounds, namely; scutellarin, isoscutellarin, shikimic acid and the new palmitoyl lactone derivative 16-hydroxy palmitic-1,16-olide. This is the first report for the occurrence of these compounds in the species grown in Libya. The identification of the isolated compounds was based on the application of different spectroscopic techniques. In addition, the antihepatotoxic effect of the aqueous decoction of the berries was investigated.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1991

This experiment was aimed to develop possible methods to control the maturity of grape berries through the application of exogenous plant growth substances and physical treatments such as defoliation or girdling. 1. Chlormequat and paclobutrazol increased anthocyanin but did not affect soluble solids contents and maturity. Girdling enhanced maturation and solids accumulation whereas defoliation delayed maturity. Solids content of berries in defoliation treatment did not reach to the level of other treatments even when fully ripened. 2. Ripening of grapes is greatly delayed for 20 to 30 days by the application of auxins (2,4-D and fenoprop) compared to the untreated control. Uneven ripening of berries in those clusters was observed when the concentration of auxin was over 50 ppm. Thus, about 30% of berries remained green until the normal berries were overripened. 3. Gibberellin did not affect the maturity of grape berries but maturity was greatly delayed when GA was applied with auxins. Also, uneven coloration between berries was observed such as in the application of auxin alone. 4. Ethephon application combinded with calcium at veraison showed no effect on berry ripening but increased anthocaynin contents. It can be concluded that harvest time of 'Campbell Early' grapes can be effectively extended by delaying the maturity through the application of auxin.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to define the optimal boxthorn berries washing method for developing the boxthorn berries cleaner. We analyzed the rate of removal of residual pesticides according to washing methods; 1st - habitual washing method, 2nd - drum rotation washing method, 3th - drum rotation and air bubble washing method, 4th - drum rotation and nozzle spray washing method, 5th - drum rotation and air bubble and nozzle spray washing method. A rate of removal of residual pesticides of 88% was detected in the drum rotation and air bubble and nozzle spray washing method, and a rate of 82% was detected in the habitual washing method. The drum rotation and air bubble and nozzle spray washing method appeared to be the best good washing effect compared to the habitual washing method(about 6% compared to 82.0% higher). Clothianidin Triadimefon, Triforine ingredients, the drum rotation and air bubble and nozzle spray washing method efficiency was lower compared to the habitual washing method removal efficiency.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2018

Berries and branches essential oil of Juniperus phoenicea were obtained by electromagnetic induction heating assisted extraction and by hydrodistillation with a yield varied from ($1.2{\pm}0.3$ to $2.4{\pm}0.7%$) and from ($0.6{\pm}0.1%$ to $1.1{\pm}0.1%$), respectively. forty eight compounds were identified representing (97.2 - 99.7%) of the oil. ${\alpha}$-Pinene (40.3 - 67.8%) and ${\delta}$-3-carene (13.5 - 26.8%) were the main compounds in berries and branches essential oils. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by three means: inhibition of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, reducing power and ${\beta}$-Carotene/linoleic acid bleaching. The antioxidant activity of essential oils showed $IC_{50}$ ranging from $67.6{\pm}1.02{\mu}g/mL$ to $131.5{\pm}0.8{\mu}g/mL$ for berries and from $98{\pm}1.25{\mu}g/mL$ to $166.8{\pm}0.29{\mu}g/mL$ for the branches. Berries oil show more potent antioxidant activity compared to branches. This result is supported by the three methods investigated in this work.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.384-388
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• 2016

Reactive oxygen species are tumorigenic by their ability to increase cell proliferation, survival, and cellular migration. The purpose of the present study was to compare the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects of 3 berry extracts (strawberry, Korean raspberry, and mulberry) in A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells. Except for raspberry, the ethyl acetate or methylene chloride fractions of berries containing phenolic compounds exerted dose dependent free radical scavenging activities. In the raspberry fractions, the hexane fraction also exhibited potent antioxidant activity. The cytotoxic effects of berries extracts in A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells were measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Surprisingly, co-treatment with n-butanol (BuOH) fractions of berries showed stronger cytotoxic effects compared to the other fractions. These findings suggest that potent anticancer molecules are found in the BuOH fractions of berries that have stronger cytotoxic activity than antioxidants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1972

This investigation was primarily carried out to establish the optimum conditions for the separation of sorbic acid, as an enzyme inhibitor, from dry mountain ash berries. The berries were crushed to $35{\sim}40\;mesh$, and leached with water to produce a reddish juice, which was concentrated to syrup after evaporation. Parasorbic acid was separated from the syrup by steam distillation in the presence of acid. In this study, the optimum experimental results for separation of parasorbic acid were obtained as follows : (1) the most applicable leaching time of the dry ash berries was about 6 hours at room temperature and less than 4 hours at $40^{\circ}C$ and (2) in steam distillation, after removal of malic acid, addition of 30 ml of sulfuric acid per 50 ml of syrup extracted from 100 g of the ash berries was very adequate. The purity of sorbic acid obtained experimentally through the isomerization technique was qualitatively examined by spectrophotometeric, paper chromatographic, and melting point measurements.