• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.113.1-113.1
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• 2005

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2004

The influences of mixed strain mode of bending-tension on the critical current. Ic in externally reinforced Bi-2223 tapes and their interaction were investigated in this study. A test fixture which providing a mixed deformation mode of bending-tension to HTS tapes has been newly devised. When the total strain induced in the tape in the mixed strain mode was expressed by the superposition of the bending and tensile strains the irreversible strain for the critical current degradation of Bi-2223 tapes increased, as compared with the simple bending mode case. The $I_c$ degradation at the region exceeding the irreversible strain showed a medium between the simple bending case and the simple tension case. As the initial bending strain imparted increased , namely as the diameter of mandrel adopted decreased. the apparent irreversible strain in Bi-2223 tapes increased . but the increment became smaller As a result. it can be found that the tension to be applied to bent Bi-2223 tapes during cabling should be smaller. as the mandrel diameter becomes smaller.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.71-78
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• 2009

Pipe section of bending part at the arch type pipe-house showed an ellipse with oblateness of 0.076 on the average. Flexural rigidity of bending part decreased by average 6.3% than that of an original round shape section. The deflection of arch type pipe-house measured by model experiments showed much bigger than the result of structural analysis. In case of arch type pipe-house, we supposed that the decrease of flexural rigidity for the bending part of pipes had an effect on deflection of roof under the working load. This effect should be considered in the structural analysis. Bending resistance of gable type pipe-house used a prefabricated connector which developed in this study showed about $1.5{\sim}1.8$ times stronger than that of the existing arch type or gable type processed bending. Therefore, we supposed that the gable-roofed prefabricated pipe-house is safer than arch type or bent gable type in case of heavy snowfall. According to house scales and section properties of steel pipe in use, safe snow depths and rafter intervals were presented for design of gable-roofed prefabricated pipe-house. Their standards were established in the range of the durable models recommended by RDA, and the comparative examinations were conducted by means of structural analysis. It was evaluated that the developed greenhouse model had a high applicability in the field.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Applied Superconductivity and Cryogenics Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.134-138
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• 2003

The influences of mixed mode of bending-tension on the Ic degradation and their interaction on the strain effect were evaluated in this study. A test fixture which applies a mixed deformation mode of bending-tension to HTS tapes has been newly devised. When the strain induced in the tape due to the mixed deformation mode was expressed as a total tensile strain, the irreversible strain to the critical current degradation of Bi-2223 tapes increased when compared with the case of simple bending mode, and the value at both ends were larger than that at the central region of the bend part. The Ic degradation behavior at the region exceeding the irreversible strain showed quiet a rapid drop of the Ic when compared with the simple bending cases. As the applied bending strain increased namely as the diameter of mandrel adopted decreased, the apparent irreversible strain of Bi-2223 tapes increased However, the increment decreased as the mandrel diameter decreased. As a result, it could be found that the tension to be applied to the Bi-2223 tapes during cabling of HTS tapes should be smaller, as the mandrel diameter becomes smaller.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.64-72
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• 2022

Gear designers need to select the proper tolerances for deviations in both the center distance and parallelism of axes because these deviations cause high stresses and lead to fatigue breakage of the teeth. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element analysis model was developed for a helical gear used in metro vehicles, and a bending stress analysis method for gear pairs was established according to the contact position change. Using this model, the effect of shaft misalignment due to the center distance and shaft parallelism deviations on the bending stress of the gear was analyzed. As a result, the magnitude of the bending stress changed nearly linearly with the change in the center distance deviation. The tooth contact of the helical gear is biased toward the end of the tooth width when the parallelism deviations of the shaft occur, and the tooth root bending stress increases.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.32-41
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• 2019

Background: Limitations in hip flexion caused by tight hamstrings lead to excessive lumbar flexion and low back pain. Accordingly, many studies have examined how to stretch the hamstring muscle. However, no study has focused on the effect of hamstring eccentric exercise for tight hamstrings on trunk forward bending. Objects: We compared the short-term effect of hamstring eccentric exercise (HEE) and hamstring static stretching (HSS) on trunk forward bending in individuals with tight hamstrings. Methods: Thirty individuals with tight hamstrings participated in the study. The subjects were randomly allocated to either a HEE or HSS group. To determine whether the hamstrings were tight, the active knee extension (AKE) test was performed, and the degree of hip flexion was measured. To assess trunk forward bending, subjects performed the fingertip to floor (FTF) and modified modified Schober tests, and the degree of trunk forward bending was measured using an inclinometer. We used paired t-tests to compare the values before and after exercise in each group and independent t-tests to compare the two groups on various measures Results: The FTF test results were improved significantly after the exercise in both groups, and AKE for both legs increased significantly in both groups. There was no significant difference in the hip angles, mmS test results, or degree of trunk forward bending between groups after the exercise. No test results differed significantly between the two groups at baseline or after the exercise. Both groups increased hamstring flexibility and trunk forward bending. Conclusion: HSS and the HEE groups increased hamstring flexibility and trunk forward bending. However, HEE has additional benefits, such as injury prevention and muscle strengthening.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.128-134
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• 2013

High bending collapse performance (maximum resistance force and mean resistance force) of body center pillar is an important design target for vehicle safety against side impact. In this study, effect of the upper section shape and the thickness of outer reinforcement on bending collapse performance was investigated for the center pillar of a large passenger car. First, through bending collapse analyses using simple models with uniform section, an optimized center pillar upper section was chosen. Next, bending collapse performance for various models of the actual center pillar with changing the thickness of outer reinforcement were analyzed. The finally designed model showed distinctive enhancement in bending collapse performance nearly without weight increase.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.21-26
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• 2003

The reel-lay method of submarine pipelines a continuous string of pipe coiled onto a reel. Assembly of this pipe that is string is accomplished onshore by welding, and nondestructive testing is carried out prior to coiling the pipe. The total length of pipes on the reel depends on the reel and pipe diameters. Pipeline installation is accomplished by uncoiling, straightening the pipe, and laying out the pipe string onto the seabed as the barge moves forward. Installation associated with coiling and uncoiling is related to the bending moment and strain relationship of the pipeline, A highgrade pipe material is required when the reel-lay method is used. This paper is concerned with the highly plastic bending moment of the pipeline, including the effect of ovality. Moment calculation in the pipe is accomplished by the numerical method, including the variable ovalities during the plastic bending of the pipe string. The new calculation method of the high plastic bending moment was applied to the reel-lay method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.1630-1633
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• 2003

Hair pin bending machine is pipe forming machine consisting of heat exchanger product system. Hair pin produced by these machine is pathway of refrigerant and play a important role improving the performance and productivity of heat exchanger. The core technology of hair pin bending machine is forming the straight pipe into U-type without any defaults. Therefore, this paper study the relation between the pipe bending forming and the shape and position of mandrel using the elastic-plastic finite element analysis and provide a foundation technology for which developing the hair pin bending machine. The results are followed 1. Mandrel located in front of rotating center of bending die minimized the circular shape variation of copper pipe. 2. Diameter change of mandrel hardly effect the pipe shape.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.298-299
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• 2005

Differently from the tensile, transverse compression and torsion cases, the bending test of HTS tapes requires a lot of time and efforts, since the sample should be mounted successively onto bent sample holders in the order of decreasing radius and measuring the $I_c$ at each step. The influence of repeated cooling and warming experienced during these processes on the $I_c$ degradation can not be ignored. As a result, in this study, particularly. a new one-body type sample holder which provides continuous bending strains at 77K was devised. And, $I_c$ degradation behavior of Bi-2223 tapes under easy bending condition was investigated and compared that with other cases using Goldacker-type bending tester or respective sample holder.