• Title/Summary/Keyword: Belowground / aboveground

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Growth Response and Ecological Niche of Quercus Dentata Thunb. Sapling under the Light, Moisture Content, Soil Texture and Nutrient Treatment (광, 수분, 토성 그리고 유기물 처리에 따른 떡갈나무 유식물의 생육 반응과 생태적 지위)

  • Kim, Eui-Joo;Jeong, Young-Ho;Park, Jae-Hoon;Lee, Eung-Pill;Lee, Seung-Yeon;Lee, Soo-In;Hong, Young-Sik;Jang, Rae-Ha;Ceung, Sang-Hoon;Lee, Young-Keun;You, Young-Han;Cho, Kuy-Tae
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.53 no.1
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    • pp.102-108
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    • 2020
  • This study is to analyze the growth response of the Quercus dentata seedlings to four environmental factors and measure the ecological niche breadth. Environmental factors were light, moisture content, soil texture, and organic matter, treated with four gradients. The more quantity light increased, the heavier the leaves biomass, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and plant biomass was. In treatment of water content and soil texture, growth response was no difference. The more organic matter increased, the heavier aboveground biomass was, but the remaining trait of plant was no difference. The ecological niche breadth was 0.865 in light, 0.995 in moisture content, 0.994 in soil texture and 0.988 in nutrient. Ecological niche breadth was the widest in the moisture content treatment and the narrowest in the light treatment. This means that the growth of Q. dentata seedlings grows well as the amount of light increases, and is sensitive to light, Thus, it is determined a growth and ecological niche breadth by light factors.

The Effects of Soil Improvements on Growth and Tissue Nutrient Concentrations of Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Pinus densiflora Seedlings in a Nursery (토양개량제 처리가 물푸레나무와 소나무 묘목의 생장과 양분농도에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Byung Bae;Byun, Jae Kyung;Cho, Min Seok;Han, Si Ho;Jung, Mun Ho;Kim, Se Bin;Bae, Kikang
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.41-54
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    • 2016
  • The production of high quality seedlings is a very important phase in silvicultural systems for successful reforestation or restoration. The purpose of this study was to measure both growth performances and nutrient responses of Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Pinus densiflora seedlings, which are commercially planted in Korea, according to soil improvement treatments. We applied 8 types of soil improvements: control with no treatment, compost B and compost Y as organic materials, vermiculite, perlite, two level of zeolite, and mix of vermiculite, perlite, and zeolite as inorganic materials in a permanent national nursery. Only compost B treatment significantly increased soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and calcium at the 0-10 cm soil depth. The growth of F. rhynchophylla and P. densiflora was the highest at the compost B treatment and the lowest at the vermiculate treatment. Compost B treatment allocated more carbon to aboveground than belowground by 39%, especially to foliage. On the vector diagnosis, there was 'shortage' on compost B treatment because of all increases of N contents, N concentrations, and growth and 'over accumulation' on vermiculite treatment because of more N uptake compared with dry weight increase. This study suggested optimal use of soil improvements is very important to improve soil quality in a permanently used nursery.

Carbon Storage of Exotic Slash Pine Plantations in Subtropical China

  • Jin, Ling;Liu, Yuanqiu;Ning, Jinkui;Liu, Liangying;Li, Xiaodong
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.150-158
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    • 2019
  • Exotic conifer trees have been extensively planted in southern China because of their high apparent growth and yield. These fast-growing plantations are expected to persist as a considerable potential for temporary and long-term carbon sink to offset greenhouse gas emissions. However, information on the carbon storage across different age ranges in exotic pine plantations is often lacking. We first estimated the ecosystem carbon storage across different age ranges of exotic pine plantations in China by quantifying above- and below-ground ecosystem carbon pools. The carbon storage of each tree component of exotic pine (Pinus elliottii) increased significantly with increasing age in Duchang and Yiyang areas. The stem carbon storage except <10 years in Ji'an areas was the largest component among all other components, which accounts for about 50% of the total carbon storage followed by roots (~28%), branches (~18%), and foliage (~9%). The mean total tree carbon storage of slash pine plantations for <10, 10-20 and 20-30 years across three study areas was 3.69, 13.91 and $20.57Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. The carbon stocks in understory and forest floor were age-independent. Total tree and soil were two dominant carbon pools in slash pine plantations at all age sequences. The carbon contribution of aboveground ecosystem increased with increasing age, while that of belowground ecosystem declined. The mean total ecosystem carbon storage of slash pine plantations for <10, 10-20 and 20-30 years across China was 30.26, 98.66 and $98.89Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Although subtropical climate in China was suitable for slash pine growth, the mean total carbon stocks in slash pine plantations at all age sequences from China were lower than that values reported in American slash pine plantations.

Positive Effects of Humic Substances on Plant Growth and Biological Soil Indicators when Spring barley is Green Manured on Reclaimed Soils (처리토에 녹비 식물 청보리 경작 시 휴믹 물질이 식물생장 및 생물학적 토양 인자에 주는 긍정적 영향)

  • Sua Kang;Hyesun Park;Younrho Lee;Bumhan Bae
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.51-62
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    • 2024
  • A study was performed to investigate the positive impacts of humic substances (HS) on the growth of green barley, a type of green manure plant. The study was conducted in a pot culture using two different types of reclaimed soils that had been treated by land farming (DDC) and thermal desorption (YJ) methods, respectively. The experimental conditions consisted of three treatments: plant only (P), plant plus 2% HS, and no plant (control). After 89 days of culture in a controlled growth chamber, the growth of spring barley and activity of seven soil enzymes were measured. The results indicated that the addition of HS had a substantial (p<0.10) positive effect on shoot biomass in both types of soil. Furthermore, the addition of HS notably (p<0.05) enhanced all seven soil enzyme activities in both soils. Both the aboveground and belowground parts of barley plants were returned to soil and aged for 10 weeks in the same growth chamber, which resulted in notable enhancement in soil health indicators. These improvements included an increase in organic matter, a drop in bulk density, and an increase in the activity of seven different soil enzymes. When lentil seeds were planted in the aged soils, the development of the seedlings was more vigorous than that in the control in both soils, although allelopathy of barley suppressed lentil germination in soil with pH 7.0 but not in soil with pH 8.5.

A Study on Estimation of Biomass, Stem Density and Biomass Expansion Factor for Stand Age Classes of Japanese Larch (Larix leptolepis) Stands in Gapyeong Area (가평지역 낙엽송림의 바이오매스와 영급별 줄기 밀도 및 바이오매스 확장계수 추정 연구)

  • Noh, Nam-Jin;Son, Yo-Whan;Kim, Jong-Sung;Kim, Rae-Hyun;Seo, Keum-Young;Seo, Kyung-Won;Koo, Jin-Woo;Kyung, Ji-Hyun;Park, In-Hyeop;Lee, Young-Jin;Son, Yeong-Mo;Lee, Kyeong-Hak
    • Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2006
  • This study was conducted to develope allometric equations and to estimate biomass, stem density, and biomass expansion factor for the three stand age classes (I-II, III-IV, and V-VI) of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) in Gapyeong area. Total dry weight (kg/tree) and aboveground biomass (ton/ha) were 57.8 and 71.1 for I-II class, 185.4 and 195.6 for III-IV class, and 1047.9 and 180.6 for V-VI class, respectively. Total above and belowground biomass (ton/ha) was 96.3 for I-II class, 265.7 for III-IV class, and 244.5 for V-VI class. The proportion (%) of stem to total biomass increased with stand age class and was 53.9 for I-II class, 55.7 for III-IV class, and 57.7 for V-VI class, respectively, while that of foliage decreased and was 7.1 for I-II class, 4.5 for III-IV class, 2.3 for V-VI class. Ratios of root to aboveground biomass were 0.35 for all age classes. Stem density ($g/cm^3$) differed between I-II class and III-VI class. Aboveground and total biomass expansion factors were 1.31-1.44 and 1.26-1.94. Our results showed that differences in stand density with stand age classes might influence allometric equation, stem density and ratios of aboveground biomass to stem biomass and total biomass to stem biomass (biomass expansion factors).

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Effects of Experimental Warming on Growth of Quercus variabilis Seedlings (실외 실험적 온난화 처리가 굴참나무 묘목의 생장에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Sun Jeoung;Han, Saerom;Yoon, Tae Kyung;Chung, Haegeun;Noh, Nam Jin;Jo, Wooyong;Park, Chan-Woo;Ko, Suin;Han, Seung Hyun;Son, Yowhan
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.101 no.4
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    • pp.722-728
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    • 2012
  • Climate change affects all biological processes in terrestrial ecosystems including photosynthesis, plant growth and productivity. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of experimental warming on the growth of Quercus variabilis seedlings. One-year-old Q. variabilis seedlings were planted in control and warmed plots in April 2010. The air temperature of warmed plots was increased by $3^{\circ}C$ compared to control plots using the infrared lamp from November 2010. Shoot height and root collar diameter were measured in March 2011 and June 2012, respectively, and aboveground and belowground biomass were also measured in March 2011 and 2012, respectively. Shoot height and root collar diameter were significantly higher in warmed plots than in control plots, except for root collar diameter in March 2011. Increment (mm) of shoot height and root collar diameter were also higher in warmed plots ($529{\pm}30$, $5.6{\pm}0.5$) than in control plots ($464{\pm}28$, $4.5{\pm}0.4$). However, there were no significant differences between warmed and control plots except for root collar diameter. Increment (g/year) of total, aboveground and belowground biomass were higher in warmed plots ($36.88{\pm}6.52$, $11.91{\pm}3.44$, $24.97{\pm}3.73$) than in control plots ($30.59{\pm}5.51$, $8.73{\pm}1.66$, $21.86{\pm}3.88$), however, the differences were not statistically significant. Higher seedling growth and biomass of warmed plots might be related to the enhanced net photosynthetic rates in spring and the extended growing season.

Analyzing the Influence of Biomass and Vegetation Type to Soil Organic Carbon - Study on Seoseoul Lake Park and Yangjae Citizen's Forest - (바이오매스량과 식생구조가 토양 탄소함유량에 미치는 영향 분석 - 서서울호수공원과 양재 시민의 숲을 대상으로 -)

  • Tanaka, Riwako;Kim, Yoon-Jung;Ryoo, Hee-Kyung;Lee, Dong-Kun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.123-134
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    • 2014
  • Identification of methods to optimize the growth of a plant community, including the capacity of the soil to further sequester carbon, is important in urban design and planning. In this study, to construct and manage an urban park to mitigate carbon emissions, soil organic carbon of varying biomass, different park construction times, and a range of vegetation types were analyzed by measuring aboveground and belowground carbon in Seoseoul Lake Park and Yangjae Citizen's Forest. The urban parks were constructed during different periods; Seoseoul Lake Park was constructed in 2009, whereas Yangjae Citizen's Forest was constructed in 1986. To identify the differences in soil organic carbon in various plant communities and soil types, above and belowground carbon were measured based on biomass, as well as the physical and chemical features of the soil. Allometric equations were used to measure biomass. Soil total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical properties such as pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), and soil microbes were analyzed. The analysis results show that the biomass of the Yangjae Citizen's Forest was higher than that of the Seoseoul Lake Park, indicating that older park has higher biomass. On the other hand, TOC was lower in the Yangjae Citizen's Forest than in the Seoseoul Lake Park; air pollution and acid rain probably changed the acidity of the soil in the Yangjae Citizen's Forest. Furthermore, TOC was higher in mono-layered plantation area compared to that in multi-layered plantation area. Improving the soil texture would, in the long term, result in better vegetation growth. To improve the soil texture of an urban park, park management, including pH control by using lime fertilization, soil compaction control, and leaving litter for soil nutrition is necessary.

Soil Respiration in Pinus rigida and Larix leptolepis Plantations (리기다소나무와 낙엽송(落葉松) 인공조림지내(人工造林地內) 토양발생(土壤發生) 이산화탄소(二酸化炭素)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Son, Yowhan;Kim, Hyun-Woo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.85 no.3
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    • pp.496-505
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    • 1996
  • Soil respiration was measured every two weeks from May through November 1995 using the soda lime method in 40-Year-old Pinus rigida and Larix leptolepis plantations on a similar soil in Yangpyeong, Kyonggi Province. Treatments included control and no-roots(plots trenched and root regrowth into plots prevented). Root respiration was evaluated by comparing no-roots sub-plots to control plots. Mean soil respiration showed highly significant species effects(p<0.01) and was highest at the Pinus rigida control plot($0.38g/m^2/hr$) and lowest at the Larix leptolepis no-roots plot($0.31g/m^2/hr$). High soil respiration in Pinus rigida may be related to aboveground litter production. The annual $CO_2$ fluxes ranged from 23 to 27t/ha/yr. We found significant correlations between temperatures(air : $R^2$=0.53, soil : $R^2$=0.55) and soil respiration(p<0.01), but no significant correlations between soil moisture and soil respiration(p>0.1). Root respiration was 3% of total soil respiration. We might underestimate rapt respiration because of shallow trenches and $CO_2$measurements right after trenching. Factors controlling soil respiration including belowground litterfall(especially fine roots) inputs, litter quality should be well understood to predict soil carbon fluxes and relative contributions to total soil respiration in forest ecosystems.

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Organic carbon distribution and cycling in the Quercus glauca forest at Gotjawal wetland, Jeju Island, Korea

  • Han, Young-Sub;Lee, Eung-Pill;Park, Jae-Hoon;Lee, Seung-Yeon;Lee, Soo-In;You, Young-Han
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.60-69
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    • 2018
  • Background: This study was conducted from March 2011 to February 2013 in order to evaluate the ecosystem value by examining the organic carbon distribution and cycling in the Quercus glauca forest, evergreen oak community at Seonheul-Gotjawal, Jeju Island. Results: The amount of organic carbon distribution was $124.5ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $132.63ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012 for aboveground biomass. And it was $31.13ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $33.16ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012 for belowground biomass. In total, the amount of organic carbon distribution in plants was 155.63 and $165.79ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In 2011 and 2012 respectively, the amount of organic carbon distribution was 3.61 and $6.39ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in the forest floor and it was 78.89 and $100.71ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in the soil. As shown, most carbon was distributed in plants. Overall, the amount of organic carbon distribution of the Q. glauca forest was $238.13ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $272.89ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012. In 2011, the amount of organic carbon fixed in plants through photosynthesis (NPP) was $14.22ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$ and the amount of carbon emission of soil respiration was $16.77ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$. The net ecosystem production (NEP) absorbed by the Q. glauca forest from the atmosphere was $5ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$. Conclusions: The carbon storage value based on such organic carbon distribution was estimated about $23.81mil\;won\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $27.29mil\;won\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012, showing an annual increment of carbon storage value by $3.48mil\;won\;ha^{-1}$. The carbon absorption value based on such NEP was estimated about $500,000won\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$.

Carbon Storage of Pure and Mixed Pine-Deciduous Oak Forests in Gwangneung, Central Korea

  • Lee, Sue-Kyoung;Son, Yo-Whan;Noh, Nam-Jin;Yoon, Tae-Kyung;Lee, Ah-Reum;Seo, Kyung-Won;Hwang, Jae-Hong;Bae, Sang-Won
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.237-247
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    • 2009
  • This study was conducted to determine the carbon (C) contents in different mixed stands of P. dens if/ora and deciduous oak species in Gwangneung, central Korea. Five mixed stands with different ratios of P. densiflora and deciduous oak species were chosen based on the basal area of all trees ${\geq}\;5cm$ DBH: pure P. densiflora (P100D0), 70% P. densiflora + 30% deciduous oak species (P70D30), 44% P. densiflora + 56% deciduous oak species (P50D50), 37% P. densiflora + 63% deciduous oak species (P40D60), and 10% P. densiflora + 90% deciduous oak species (P10D90). Total C contents in the overstory (aboveground and belowground) vegetation were higher in the mixed stands (P70D30, P50D50, P40D60) than in the pure stands (P100D0, P10D90). Moreover, except for P40D60, C contents of forest floor (litter and coarse woody debris) were larger in the mixed stands (P70D30, P50D50) than in the pure stands. However, total soil C contents up to 30cm depth were highest in the pure deciduous oak stand than in the pure P. densiflora stand and mixed stands. Total ecosystem C contents (Mg/ha) were 163.3 for P100D0, 152.3 for P70D30, 188.8 for P50D50, 160.2 for P40D60, and 150.4 for P10D90, respectively. These differences in total ecosystem C contents among the different mixed stands for P. densiflora and deciduous oak species within the study stands were attributed by the differences in vegetation development and forest management practices. Among the five study stands, the total ecosystem C contents were maximized in the 1:1 mixed ratio of P. densiflora and deciduous oak species (P50D50).