• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.111-119
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• 2013

PURPOSES: Though the situation that the roundabouts are actively constructed, researches on the effect of the roundabouts focus mainly on the analysis of the expected effects of using only traffic simulation on the operation. Considering such problems, this study is conducted to analyze the effects of the various aspects based on field observation studies. METHODS: This study evaluated and analyzed the effects from the aspects of traffic operation, traffic safety, and traffic behavior by performing field observation studies with six roundabouts with/without signal controls on the pilot project areas for the roundabouts installed in 2010. RESULTS: Through the study results, it was found that the average travel time decreases by 14.7% and 2.4% on the signalized intersections and unsignalized intersections, respectively. The average travel speed increases by 9.7 and 5.8km/h on the roundabouts with/without signal lights. Regarding traffic safety, the speed deviation among individual vehicles decreases by approximately 18.4 to 32.7km/h, thus confirming the safety effects. As the decrease of the number of conflicts, it might be explained that car crashes and collision with pedestrians decreased by 62.2% and 66.7%. Also the result shows that the lowest point of speed in roundabouts appears near the yield line on the entry area on the roundabouts. When passing through the roundabouts, vehicles enter at a speed of 20-30km/h, which is the design speed of the circulatory lane and drive out the roundabout with a higher speed than the entry speed. CONCLUSIONS: When a roundabout is introduced at the intersections below certain traffic volume there are effects of traffic operation, traffic safety, and traffic behavior.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.393-399
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• 2018

Formation behavior of aluminum anodic oxide (AAO) films on Al6061 alloy was studied in view of thickness, morphology and defects in the anodic films in 20 vol.% sulfuric acid solution at a constant current density of $40mA/cm^2$, using voltage-time curve, observation of anodized specimen colors and surface and cross-sectional morphologies of anodic films with anodization time. With increasing anodizing time, voltage for film formation increased exponentially after about 12 min and its increasing rate decreased after 25 min, followed by a rapid decrease of the voltage after about 28 min. Surface color of anodized specimen became darker with increasing anodizing time up to about 20 min, while it appeared to be brighter with increasing anodizing time after 20 min. The darkened and brightened surfaces with anodizing time are attributed to an increase in thickness of porous anodic oxide film and a chemical damage of the films due to heat generated by increased resistance of the film, respectively. Cross-sectional observation of AAO films revealed the formation of defects of crack shape at the metal/oxide interface after 15 min which prevents the growth of AAO films. Width and length of the crack-like defect increased with anodizing time up to 25 min of anodizing, and finally the outer part of AAO films was partly dissolved or detached after 30 min of anodizing, resulting in non-uniform surface structures of the AAO films.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.237-242
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• 2019

Behavioral errors of the seafarers are one of the major causes of collisions and are usually corrected through education and training. To correct this behavioral error, the structure in which the behavioral error occurs needs to be identified and analyzed. For this purpose, behavior observation data were obtained through ship maneuvering simulation for collision encounters. The 9-state behavior classification frame proposed by Reason was used for the behavior observation and 50 university students were involved in the experiment. Behavioral analysis used the behavioral model of collision avoidance success and failure, which was developed from the 9-state Left-to-Right Hidden Markov modeling technique. As a result of the experiment, the difference between behaviors of success and failure of collision avoidance was clearly identified, and the linkage between 9-state behaviors, required to prevent collision, was derived.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.351-359
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• 2020

Formation behavior and properties of PEO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) film on AA2024 were investigated under application of pulsed current as a function of Na3PO4 concentration in 0.05 M Na2SiO3 solution by analyzing voltage-time behavior, in-situ observation of arc generation, observation of surface morphology and measurements of thickness and surface roughness. Arc generation voltage decreased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration. Color difference of PEO films between edge and inner part disappeared by addition of Na3PO4. It was also observed that size of nodules on PEO film decreased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration. Thickness of PEO films formed on AA2024 increased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration. Whereas, surface roughness of PEO films decreased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration up to 0.05 M of Na3PO4 which is attributed to the deceased size of nodules on the PEO films. However, the surface roughness increased with increasing Na3PO4 concentration more than 0.07 M of Na3PO4 which seems to be due to the formation of non-uniform PEO films with smooth surface and large size pores formed by orange-colored big arcs. The experimental results suggest that added sodium phosphate less than 0.2 M in an alkaline silicate solution can contribute to the formation of relatively thick and uniform thickness of PEO films under arc generation voltage lower than 300 V.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.9-18
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• 2016

This research was aimed at finding clues of improving behavioral affordance of the residential environment by scrutinizing change of the residents' behavior in a livingroom depending on the child's development stage. 30 double-income families with one child were the subjects of depths interview, survey, observation of this research, who were residents of 3-bedroom apartment housing in Seoul. They presented obvious different behavioral patterns according to their child's development stage. Breeding and playing behavior were prior to the others when their child was in childhood, then relaxing with TV and PC behavior were getting superior when their child was in school period. It is important that residents perceive that the numerous types of behavior may take place in a livingroom, some of which has originated in our long residential culture. And then real housing should be provided to them that has proper behavioral affordance to support all those behavior. Housings with minimum walls and rooms would make it possible. A family has its inner dynamics can live a sustainable life in that housing as a home, that lasts along their whole life.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.907-917
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• 2000

Although interest in the potential and actual usage of the Internet as a transaction medium is increasing, the market for fashion merchandise on the Internet in Korea has yet to take off. As the Internet environment is expected to bring about a transformation of conventional consumer buying behavior, the purpose of this exploratory research is to investigate the buying behavior of fashion products on the Internet to identify relevant concepts and generate hypotheses for further empirical research. The research methods selected for the study were observation and in-depth interview. Twelve subjects who had purchased fashion products on the Internet were selected and interviewed. Those who could not participate in face-to-face in-depth interviews because of the geographic locations were interviewed on-line. The results are as follows: First, subjects went through the stages of shopping motivation stage, site choice behavior stage, in-site behavior stage, and postpurchase behavior stage. Second, a model was extracted for each shopping stage, and a final model was completed based on comparisons with the participants processes. The information content of each phase was discussed. Finally, each participant was classified using their purchasing process, revealing six possible mixed usage patterns of the Internet marketing system and the traditional marketing system.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.209-224
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• 2002

In this study, Rural and urban housewives were compared in terms of their clothing practical use and clothing buying behavior. For the analysis, a nation-wide stratified sampling was made across the rural and urban areas. As a result, 400 subjects of housewives were selected and were asked to answer the questionnaire. Results of the analysis were as follows: 1. Both rural and urban housewives were found to have reliable knowledge about the kinds of clothes they are possessing. However, there were significant differences in the knowledge level of clothing practice methods, in clothing patterns of one′s favor, and in clothing buying behavior by the type of clothing. 2. With regard to the clothing buying behavior by the type of clothing, several differences were found between rural and urban housewives. Purchase motivation for formal wear, was found to be "I don′t have one" in overall, yet having a significant frequency difference between rural and urban housewives. Major evaluation criteria were "color and design" and "fits to me" for formal wear and "comfort and fitness" and "price" for casual wear, also having a significant frequency difference between rural and urban housewives. 3. Rural area housewives bought their formal wear in stores offering "low price or sale" while urban housewives looked at "quality and variety". The major source of information was "display and direct observation" and "previous experience" in both cases. The rural housewives bought clothes when they had any "event" and urban housewives bought them when they had "extra money or sale".

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.34-38
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• 2016

In this paper, a transversely isotropic behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy produced by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) process was investigated through tensile test and microstructure observation. The effects of initial ECAP pass number on the anisotropic behavior and mechanical properties of the Mg alloy are evaluated after conventional direct extrusion test, which are carried out at a temperature of $200^{\circ}C$. As a result of the tensile test in three directions ($0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, and $90^{\circ}$ to the extrusion direction of the sheet) at room temperature, elongation of as-extruded AZ31 alloy(ECAP for 0 pass) showed an unusual anisotropic behavior depending on the extrusion direction although the yield strength and tensile strength are similar to the ECAPed AZ31 alloy. After ECAP for 4 passes at $200^{\circ}C$, microstructural observations of ECAPed magnesium alloy showed a significant grain refinement, which is leading to an equiaxed grain structure with average size of $2.5{\mu}m$. The microstructures of the extruded billet are observed by the use of an electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) technique to evaluate of the influence on the grain refinement during extrusion process and re-crystallization mechanism of AZ31 Mg alloy.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.507-517
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• 2021

The research objective was to analyze the effect of work behavior on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and organizational commitment. For this, we analyze the effect of organizational commitment on OCB and analyze organizational commitment as a mediating variable in the relationship between workplace behavior and OCB. This study employed survey data for 80 employees of 12 village credit institutions in the Badung Regency. Observation is one way to obtain primary data. It is done by observing the object, which is the primary source of data, and conducting direct observations of the research location to determine the circumstances and problems. This research uses data collection techniques: 1) interviews conducted with employees working in Badung Regency both in managers and staff positions. 2) Questionnaire, namely, by using several closed questions given to the Badung Regency employees regarding workplace spirituality, organizational commitment, and OCB. The analysis technique used the partial least squares (PLS) approach and the Sobel test. The results show that workplace spirituality does not affect OCB but positively affects organizational commitment. Also, organizational commitment has a positive effect on OCB. The major findings are organizational commitment acts as a mediating variable in the relationship between workplace spirituality and OCB.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.91-112
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analysis children's engagement behavior and teachers' linguistic behavior by type of group activity in kindergarten. The subjects were 45 children and 2 teachers of 5 years' class in 2 kindergarten. The data were collected by 16 times observation in general classrooms for 4 weeks to explore the children's engagement behavior and teachers' linguistic behavior. The results of this study are as follows: Firstly, the large group and structural activity from initiated teacher's plan. Secondly, children's watching and listening behavior was most frequently shown in academic large group activity. And children's active engagement behavior was most frequently shown in free play of peer group. Finally teachers explained and directed frequently in academic large group activity. And teacher praise and permission was frequently shown in free play of small group teacher-child interaction. Consequently, it is important to recognize the relationships between the activity type and children's engagement behavior in organized daily program for early child education.