• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.171-174
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• 2011

This study was carried out to elucidate suitable supplementary nutrition for Neolentinus lepideus cultivation. The main substrate for cultivation was douglas fir sawdust, and supplementary materials for experiment were corn meal, corn hull, corncob, beet pulp, and potato starch. The higher amount of total nitrogen source was showed in corn meal (0.45%) than any other nutritive materials. Incubation ratio and cultivation period showed the best 97% and the shortest 43 days on medium with corn meal substrate. The fruit body yield and biological efficiency on medium with 10% corn meal were highest 122 g/1 kg and 35%, respectively. Factor analyses concerning fruiting yield showed total nitrogen source (r = 0.95) and crude fat (r = 0.65). These results are recommended that N. lepideus cultivation is corn meal material as the source of the supplementary nutrition and total nitrogen source as the factor of fruiting body yield on the Douglas fir sawdust medium.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.109-114
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• 2001

The object of this experiment was to evaluate nutritive value of roughage which was collected by Woosung Feed Co., Ltd. in Korea in 1999-2000. Nineteen kinds of roughage(l32 samples) were collected by Woosung Feed Co., Ltd. and their chemical composition, ADF, NDF, Ca and P. were analysed. In addition, their DMD, DMI, WV and hay grades were calculated based on analysed values. The CP content of roughage was ranged from 17.35%(alfalfa hay) to 4.00%(Italian ryegrass hay), and ten kinds of roughage under six percentages were observed. The NDF content of roughage was ranged from 47.50%(sugarcane leaf) to 78.84%(orchardgrass hay), and eight kinds of roughage above seventy percentages were observed. The DMD of roughage was ranged from 66.38%(beet pulp) to 50.95%(orchardgrass hay). The WV of roughage was ranged from 60.1 l(orchardgrass hay) to 125.07(sugarcane leaf). In hay grade of roughage, the first grade was assigned to sugarcane leaf only and the third grade and fourth grade were assigned to four kinds of roughage each. Bermudagrass straw received the fifth grade, and the nine kinds of roughage received the poor grades. As shown in the above results, nineteen kinds of roughage were mostly low in crude protein contents and dry matter digestibility, but they were high in fibrous contents. Futhermore, while only one kind of roughage was evaluated as obtaining the first grade, nine kinds of roughage were evaluated as the poor grade. Hence, we know that roughage which was collected in Korea was mostly low in their quality and that there was significant difference in their feed value among those roughage(P<0.05). Therefore, it is necessary to mark the hay quality for purpose of distributive circulation of roughage. (Key words : Roughages, Nutritive value, DMD. RFV. Hay grade)

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2010

To provide a basic information on the chemical concentrations of different raw materials used in mushroom cultivation, the raw materials were collected from 13 Flammulina velutipes, 14 Pleurotus eryngii, and 8 P. ostreatus farms and analyzed to calculate moisture contents, pH, total carbon(T-C), total nitrate(T-N), total phosphate(T-P) and 13 different cations. In our results, the C : N ratios of cotton seed meal, beet pulp, and corn-cob were 6~17, 12~29 and 56~127, respectively. Depending on the companies which process these materials, the range of C:N ratio of soybean curd residue was approximately either 8~9 or 14~17 with wider range of C : N ratio of the raw materials imported from other countries without the detection of heavy metals. In this study, the formula was provided to calculate the composition of mixed media for mushroom cultivation based on the ingredient chart of different raw materials.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.145-154
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• 2011

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding fermented diet including whole crop barley silage on the odor reduction and microbial population change in feces, and the constipation prevention of pregnant sows. The concentration of phenol was not detected in tapioca, beet pulp, wheat bran and lupin seeds, while that of p-cresol was ranged between 9.62 and 52.11 mg/L showing that lupin was highest and tapioca was lowest. It was determined that tapioca and beet pulp were useful feed ingredients to reduce odor due to their lower contents of phenol and indole compounds. Ten pregnant sows were allocated to control group and fermented diet group in 5 sows in each group. They were fed 3.0 kg DM/d of diets for 28 days. Feces was examined and showed that the feces from the fermented diet group was observed with the higher moisture content and the lower hardness than that of the control diet group and the population of E. coli was decreased and the population of lactobacilus was higher than that of the control diet group. The concentrations of p-cresol and skatole were lower than the detection levels at 33% and 67% among the samples of feces of the control group and at 67% and 100% among the samples of the feces of fermented diet group respectively. Thus it is expected that the odor from the feces of pregnant sows fed the fermented diet could be reduced compared with that of control group. Therefore, it is suggested that feeding fermented whole barley diet to pregnant sows improve the function of intestine and reduce the rate of occurrences of constipation and odor levels.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.188-205
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• 1996

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary energy and protein sources on the rumen microbial population of sheep. The results obtained were summarized as the follows; 1. Ruminal pH was highest in sheep fed the diet rapidly degraded in the rumen(F-F) as a energy (barley plus beet pulp) and protein source (rapeseed meal), and lowest in the diet (F-S) of rapidly degradable energy source plus slowly degradable protein source (corn gluten meal + cotton seed meal) without affecting by postfeeding time. 2. Ruminal ammonia concentration was higher in corn (slowly degradable) for energy source and rapeseed meal (rapidly degradable) for protein source (S-F) than others, and abruptly increased at 1 hr after feeding regardless of treatments. 3. Concentration of ruminal total volatile fatty acid, acetate and propionate were highest in F-S and peaked at 1 hr after feeding firstly and formed second peak at 9hrs, respectively. 4. Digestibilities of the proximates and ADF were not affected by treatment but NDF was highest in F- F. 5. Nitrogen retention was highest in S-F and lowest in F-F and F-S. 6. Digestibility and metabolizability of energy, contents of OCP, TDN, DE and ME were not affected by treatment.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2012

This study of afterripening conditions during oyster mushroom (Suhanneutari 1ho) cultivation in bottles was investigated. Medium materials were used poplar-sawdust (68%), cotton seed peel (16%), Beet pulp (8%) and cotton seed cake (8%). Mix of materials was used as a percentage of the volume and to adjust moisture content (67%). Autoclaved mediums were placed in low temperature storage ($20^{\circ}C$) and then moved in inoculation room and conducted mechanical inoculation. Mycelial culture temperature was maintained at $20{\sim}21^{\circ}C$ and cultured during 18 days. The afterripening period were 6days, 9days, 12days and 15 days at $25{\sim}27^{\circ}C$. The yield of fruit body was higher for 9 days (163.1g/bottle) and 12 days (160.7g/bottle) than that of other afterripening period. Second, in the changes in moisture content of the medium according to the afterripening period, no significant changes were observed during mycelial grwoth. The longer afterripening period was showed slightly lower weight of media. The moisture content of media after harvest at afterripening for 9 days had the biggest reduction than any other treatments. In addition, weight of media and yield of afterripening for 9 days were the lowest and highest, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 1995

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different inclusion levels of urea treated whole-crop wheat silage (UWCWS) in grass silage based rations on the performance of growing beef cattle. The winter wheat (variety, Riband) was harvested (in the summer of 1991) at a dry matter proportion of 520 g/kg and treated with feed grade urea at the rate of 37 kg/tonne crop dry matter and preserved in a heavy duty plastic bag using a silo press. The urea treated whole crop wheat silage (UWCWS) was mixed with grass silage to replace 0.00 (S100), 0.33 (S33) and 0.67 (S67) parts of the forage dry matter and fed ad libitum in a cross over design to 18 Simmental X Holstein Friesian growing beef animals. Two energy sources {one high in starch, rolled barley (RB) and one high in digestible fibre, sugar beet pulp (SBP)} were fed to supply sufficient energy for the efficient use of nitrogen by the rumen micro-organisms. The data on DMIF (dry matter intake of forage), TDMI (total dry matter intake), DLWG (daily live weight gain), FCR (feed conversion ratio) were recorded and faecal samples were collected to determine the digestibility coefficients. Results revealed that with the inclusion of UWCW in the animals' diets the DMI of the forage was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The highest DMIF was found in the treatment "S33" ($6.28{\pm}0.25kg$) where 67% of the silage dry matter was replaced with the UWCW and the lowest value for DMIF was observed in the control treatment ($5.03{\pm}0.23kg$). The DLWG did not differ significantly between the treatments. However, treatment "S100" showed a trend towards a superior DLWG. Feed conversion ratio in the control treatment differed significantly from "S67" and "S33". The addition of the UWCW in the animals' diet resulted in the lower FCR There was no effect of type of energy supplement on any aspect of performance either overall or in interaction with grass silage: UWCWS ratio. The regression and correlation coefficients for DMIF (r = 5.22 + 0.0184x*), DLWG (r = $1.04-0.00086x^{NS}$) and FCR (r = 4.78 = 0.022x*) on the inclusion of UWCW in the diet were calculated. The effect of the inclusion of UWCW on the overall digestibility coefficients was significant (p < 0.05). The addition of the UWCWS in the diet decreased the digestibility of the DM, OM, ADF and NFE but effect on the protein digestibility was non significant. The results of present study suggests that a DLWG slightly over 1 kg can be achieved with UWCW during the store period (period in which animal performance targets are low especially during winter) and the prediction of ME was overestimated as the high intake of DM did not reflect in improved animal performance.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.9 s.89
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• pp.1272-1277
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• 2007

Comparison of fruit bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivar chunchu No .2 grown on the sawdust, rice straw and cotton waste substrates revealed differences in the pattern of differentiation of hyphal compartments. Required period for primordium induction of fruit bodies grown on sawdust substrate was 13 days. Physical structure shown as hardness of stipes grown on the sawdust substrate, fruit bodies were harden than control. Pileocystidia were well developed on the surface of pileus in the fruit body cultivated on rice straw. Microstructures of fruit body grown on the sawdust and cotton wastes substrates shown fast-discharge of basidiospore and sytoms ageing. Hyphae of fruit bodies formed on sawdust substrate had less stainable cytoplasmic material and many more vacuoles than hyphae of fruit bodies formed on synthetic substrate with 50% of pine sawdust, 30% of cotton seed hull and 20 of beet pulp(control).

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2014

Pleurotus pulmonarius usually grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees from mid summer to early fall. Cultivation of this mushroom is recently increasing due to its good flavour and fragrance. This study was conducted to find out the favorable substrate formulation in the bottle and bag cultivation of P. pulmonarius. The V formulation (10 : 50 : 20 : 20 mixing ratio of poplar sawdust, cottonseed hull, cottonseed meal and beet pulp) showed the fastest mycelial growth in the test tube column medium and highest yields in both bottle cultivation and bag cultivation. Those chemical conditions were pH 5.52, 29.07% organic matter contents, 1.12% total nitrogen, 25.95 OM/N ratio, 0.16% CaO, 0.51% $K_2O$, 0.17 MgO and 0.26 $P_2O_5$.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

Analysis of genetic characteristics of Flammulina velutipes showed that strains have a range of 85% in genetic distribution diagram. According to this result, we divided these strains into five groups. In experiment of determinating the optimum media and condition in cultivating F. velutipes, we found the optimum temperature and pH range for hypha growth were $25^{\circ}C$ and 6.0 to 7.0, respectively. in addition, the best media for growth of that in plate was MCM (Mushroom Complete Media) which have a growth length from 68 to 83 mm. In vivo test, we observed that fast growth and good density of hyphae in mixture media of douglas fir sawdust, cotton seed meal and beet pulp (6:2:2 V/V). Also when we cultivated F. velutipes in this media, we harvested high yield of fruiting body.