• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.773-777
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• 1999

Scale-up experiments for hydrolysis of beef tallow, fat, and palm kernel with lipase derived from Candida cylindracea were carried out in 1-1, 100-1, and 10,000-1 reactors. The optimum agitation speed for the hydrolysis of the 1-1 reactor was investigated and found to be 350rpm, and this was a basis for the scale-up of agitation speed. The hydrolysis system in this work was the oil-water system in which the hydrolysis seems to process a heterogeneous reaction. An emulsion condition was the most important factor for determining the reaction rate of hydrolysis. Therefore, the scale-up of agitation speed was performed by using the power n = 1/3 in an equation of the rules of thumb method. The geometrical similarity for scaling-up turned out to be unsatisfactory in this study. Thus, the working volume per one agitator was used for the scale-up. In the case of scale-up from a 1-1 reactor to a 100-1 reactor, the hydrolysis of palm kernel was very much scaled-up by initiating the rules of thumb method. However, the hydrolysis of fat and beef tallow in a 100-1 reactor was a little higher than that of the 1-1 reactor because of the difference of geometrical similarity. The scale-up of hydrolysis from the 100-1 reactor to the 10,000-1 reactor was improved compared to that of the 1-1 to 100-1 reactor. The present results indicated that the scale-up of hydrolysis in the oil-water system by the rules of thumb method was more satisfactory under the condition of geometrical similarity. Even in the case where geometrical similarity was not satisfactory, the working volume per one agitator could be used for the scale-up of a heterogeneous enzyme reaction.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.245-252
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• 2007

This study investigated the effects of conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) on the fat deposition, triglyceride levels and the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1(SCD1) in the livers of male ICR mice that were fed with either soybean oil or beef tallow supplemented with CLA. Mice weighing $25{\sim}30$ g were divided into four groups; soybean oil(SBO), and SBO supplemented with 1% CLA(SBOC), beef tallow(BT) and BT supplemented with 1% CLA(BTC). Each group consisted of 10 mice that were fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks. The experimental diets consisted of 64% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 16% fat in terms of their contributions to total calories. All other nutrients were identical in the diets. Triglyceride measurements were completed using a kit. Fatty acid compositions were analyzed in the liver using gas chromatography. The levels of SCD1 expression were analyzed by RT-PCR in the liver. No significant differences were found for food intake level, body weight and food efficiency among the experimental groups. However, the weights of epididymal fat pads and plasma triglyceride levels were significantly lower in SBOC and BTC(p<0.05) compared to the SBO and BT groups. These effects were similar in the CLA supplemented groups. The expression level of SCD1 gene and ${\Delta}9$ desaturase index were not significantly different, regardless of the fat used for CLA supplementation. Based on these results, addition of CLA showed decreasing effects on the fat depots weight and the concentration of triglyceride regardless of the fat sources. The SCD1 gene expression and ${\Delta}9$ desaturase index were not influenced by the types of fats with respect to the CLA effects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.566-577
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• 1993

The study was to compare the effect of dietary fatty acids on fatty acid profile in tissue and the status of tocopherol and lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities at two fat levels. Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing average 350g(17 weeks) were fed either low fat(LF, 4.3% w/w, 10% kcal) or high fat(HF, 20.8%, w/w, 40% kcal)diet for 6 weeks. The fats used were beef tallow as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil for n-6 linoleic acid, perilla oil for n-3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid and fish oil for n-3 eiocosapentatenoic acid(EPA) and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). Palsma tocopherol was significantly reduced by fish oil compared to beef tallow at body fat level. However, there was no significant effect on the levels of plasma MDA, RBC MDA and tocopherol, and RBC hempolysis by the type and amount of dietary fat. The peroxidizibility index of fatty acid profile in plasma and liver was increased and liver MDA level was significantly increased by fish oil when dietary fat level was increased. The activities of SOD and GSHPx tended to be increased by perilla oil and fish oil at both fat oil significantly reduced the incorpration of c20:4 and increased the incorporation of c20:5 into liver compared to corn oil. The incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into tissue by perilla oil rich in $\alpha$-linolenic acid was significantly higher tan corn oil and its effect was improved with higher amount of perilla oil in diet by high fat diet. Overall, the lipid peroxidation of tissue could be prevented by tocopherol supplementation when dietary fat level was low in diet. However, at high fat diet, tocopherol supplementation might not be enough to prevent the lipid peroxidation in tissue since the potential for lipid peroxidation was tended to be increased with higher incorporation of higher unsaturated n-3 fatty acids into tissue. Therefore, it could not be recommended to consume large amount of fish oil even with excess amount of tocopherol supplemented to the high fat diet.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.297-308
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• 2003

우지가 5% 첨가되어 있는 일반적인 비육후기사료를 급여한 돈육(C), 우지 함량 중 2%를 들깨유로 대체 급여한 돈육(T1), 들깨유 2%에 비타민 E를 250ppm 첨가한 돈육(T2), 오징어유 2%를 대체 급여한 돈육(T3), 오징어유 2%에 비타민 E를 첨가 급여한 돈육(T4), CLA를 2% 대체 급여한 돈육(T5)의 육질특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 지방산 조성에 있어서 오일간에는 T5가 다른 세 처리구들(C, T1, T3)에 비하여 SFA와 EFA는 높은 반면 UFA, MUFA, UFA/SFA MUFA/SFA는 낮았다. 총아미노산 함량은 오일간에는 T3가 다른 세 처리구들 (C, T1, T5)보다 높았으며, 동일한 오일에서는 비타민 첨가에 따라 높게 나타났다. TBARS의 경우 오일간에는 C와 T1에 비하여 T3와 T5가 높았고, VBN은 C

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.131-144
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• 1993

본 실험은 식이내 지방의 종류와 수준이 흰쥐의 LCAT활성 및 콜레스테롤 대사에 어떻게 영향을 미치는가를 알아보기 위하여 실시되었다. 식이지바의 종류는 정어리유($\omega$3 linolenic acid) 및 옥수수기름 ($\omega$6 linolic acid)의 네 처리로 나누고 각 처리마다 지방의 수준을 총 에너지의 10%, 20%, 40%등 세수준으로 모두 12군을 두었으며, 식이지바의 무첨가군을 대조구로 두었다. 총 78마리의 Sprague-Dawley 계통 흰쥐 수컷에게 시험식이를 6주간 자유급여하였다. 사양시험 종료 후 간조직에서의 콜레스테롤 합성능력을 알아보기 위해 흰쥐의 간조직을 채취하여 in vitro 배양시험을 실시하였다. 본 시험에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 혈장 총 콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤. LDL-콜레스테롤농도 및 HDL-C/T-C비율은 식이지방의 종류에 의해 유의하게(p<0.001) 영향을 받았다. ($\omega$3지방산을 많이 함유한 군(정어리유와 들기름)이 ($\omega$6지방산과 포화지방산을 많이 함유한 군(옥수수기름과 우지)에 비해 혈장내 HDL-콜레스테롤농도가 유의성있게(p<0.001)증가하였고, LDL-콜레스테롤농도는 유의성있게(p<0.05) 감소하였다. 혈장내 콜레스테롤농도는 우지군이 다른지방군에 비해(p<0.001),무지방식이군이 식이지방첨가군에 비해 유의하게(p<0.05)영향을 받았다. 2) 혈장 lecithiin : cholesterol acyltransferase(LCAT) 활성은 식이지방첨가군이 무지방식이군보다(p<0.001), 식물성유지군이 동물성지방군보다(p<0.001), 정어리유군이 우지군보다(p<0.001), 들기름군이 옥수수기름군보다(p<0.05), 정어리유군이 들기름군보다 유의성있게(p<0.05) 증가하였다. 저지방식이군이 중지방식이군과 고지방식이군에 비해 혈장내 LCAT 활성이 유의하게9p<0.001) 증가하였다. 3) 간의 콜레스테롤합성 능력은 정어리유군이 다른지방군보다(p<0.001), 무지방식이군이 식이지방첨가군보다(p<0.001), 동물성지방군의 식물성유지군보다 유의하게(p<0.001) 증가하였으나, 식이 지방의 수준에 의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2012

Biodiesel is non-petroleum based fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through transesterification. The compositions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the feedstocks are important factors for biodiesel quality in terms of low-temperature fluidity and oxidative stability. The goal of this study is to improve the cold flow property of biodiesel from vegetable and animal origin containing highly saturated methyl esters (approx. 50%). In this purpose poly-saturated methyl esters in palm and tallow biodiesel were removed via urea-based fractionation and then the recovered fractions (enriched unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters) were supplemented with cold flow improvers. The highest concentration of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (93.8%) was obtained using a urea/fatty acid ratio of 3:1 at the crystallization temperature of $0^{\circ}C$ for 17 hours in incubation, with recovery of 71% and the addition of cold flow improver (Flozol$^{(R)}$ 515, 3,000 ppm) to the enriched poly-unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters reduced the CFPP(cold filter plugging point) of palm biodiesel from $12^{\circ}C$ to $-42^{\circ}C$. In tallow biodiesel both the enrichment of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (93.71%) and the addition of cold flow improver (Infineum R408, 3,000ppm) reduced the CFPP from $10^{\circ}C$ to $-32^{\circ}C$.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2003

비육후기 돼지(LY $\times$ D, 90 kg 전후) 사료에 C는 대조구로 우지 5%, T1은 우지 3%에 들깨유를 2%우지 대체하였으며, T2는 T1에 비타민 E($\alpha$-tocopheryl acetate)를 250 ppm 첨가하였다. T3는 우지 3%에 오징어유를 2% 우지 대체하였으며, T4는 T3에 비타민 E를 250 ppm 첨가하였다. T5는 우지 3%에 CLA 2% 우지 대체 첨가 급여한 돼지의 생산 및 도체형 질을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 일당 증체량은 T2와 T3가 다른 구들보다 높았으며(P<0.05) 사료요구율은 처리간에 유의적인 차이는 없으나 T2와 T3가 각각 3.71, 3.80으로 다소 양호하였다. 생체에서 등지방두께는 개시 체중시에는 처리간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 출하체중 시에는 C가 다른 처리구들보다 유의적으로 두꺼워 개시체중 대비 출하체중 시의 등지방두께 증가폭 역시 C가 넓었다. 배최장근 단면적은 개시체중 시나 출하체중 시에는 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 증가면에서는 T5가 T2에 비해서 약 2배 정도인 13.35 $\textrm{cm}^2$로 가장 높게 나타났다. 혈액 중 Triglyceride함량은 C가 다른 처리구들보다 높았으며, T3, T4, T5가 유의적으로 낮았다(P<0.05). 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 처리구들간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 총 콜레스테롤 대비 HDL-콜레스테롤 비율은 비타민 E를 첨가하지 않은 구보다 첨가한 구들이 높게 나타났다. 동맥경화지수(AI: Atherogenic index)는 T3가 가장 높고 T2가 가장 낮았으며, 들깨유와 오징어유에 비타민 E 첨가로 낮아졌다. 도체형질에서 지육율과 등지방두께 및 등급은 처리간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나(p>0.05) 등급에 있어 T2는 4.67, C와 T3는 4.29, T1과 T5는 4.00 수준이었다.operational requirements and typical plasma parameters have been determined. Large arrays of individual tiny sources can be used to form large-area, atmospheric-pressure plasma sources. The simplicity of the method and the capability of operation without the need for the usual vacuum system and its associated limitations, provide a highly attractive option for new approaches to many different kinds of plasma applications, including plasma surface modification technologies. Here we review the background work that has been carried out in this new research field.row$물엿으로 제조한 정과의 순으로 red에 가까웠다. b값(Yellowness)은 전처리한 동아 300g에 물 1$\ell$, 물엿 475$m\ell$을 넣고 5시간 동안 제조한 군이 가장 높아 yellow에 가까웠고 전체적으로 물엿$\longrightarrow$설탕과 꿀$\longrightarrow$물엿과 설탕으로 제조한 정과의 순으로 yellow에 가까웠다. 5. 관능검사에서 단단하다고 평가된 정과가 색도에서 적색도가 높았다. 관능검사에서 색이 좋다고 평가된 정과가 색도에서 붉은 빛과 황색을 나타냈다. 관능검사의 단단한 정도(Hardness)와 씹힘성(Chewinwss)은 기계검사의 Texture인 최대절단력(Maximum

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.27-31
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• 1986

By Bong Goo Rhee, College of Engineering, The Univ. of Won Kwang (344-2, Sinyongdong, Iri-shi, 510 Chunpuk-do, Korea), Yoshitsugu Kimura and Kazumi Okada, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Engineering, The Univ. of Tokyo(4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153, Japan), Katsuyuki Hashizume, Taiho Kogyo(2-47 Hosoya-Cho, Toyoda-Shi 471, Japan) and Chang Heon Chi, The G. S of Chon buk N. Unv. It is empirically known that, in concentrated conjunctions lubricated with O/W emulsions, only the oil is entrained to form elastohydrodynamic films. In the present work, this phenomenon is studied experimentally and the result is compared with a theory Which employes a starved lubrication concept. The experiment is conducted in a four roller machine with 0/W emulsions of varying concentration of oil, i.e. beef tallow, in which the film thickness is determined by detecting the rate of X-ray transmission through the conjunction. Excellent agreement is found between the experimental and the theoretical results.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.97-108
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• 1999

The consumer demands for quality of meats has become diverse in recent years. The present paper describes mainly the technology to improve the broiler meat quality with special reference to reducing fat contents in edible meats which is the heart of the quality constraints. Abdominal fat deposition in broilers was reduced by feeding of medium-chain triglycerides(MCT), suggesting MCT feeding is useful to produce broiler meat with low fat content. A phase feeding system to aim at improving meat quality that is mainly comprised with partial replacement of dietary protein into phase during 4∼6 weeks increased edible meat yields and reduced abdominal fat deposition and fat contents in breast and thigh meats. Whiteness of fat tissue was intensified by feeding beef tallow or lard in place of yellow grease. Feeding Phaffia yeast containing astaxanthin increased redness of breast and thigh meats and improved visual appearance of meats which may be preferential for consumers. Feeding fish oil reduced abdominal fat deposition and increased EPA and DHA contents of fat tissues. These procedures could be used for manipulation of meat quality to meet consumer demands.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.1112-1120
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effets of chitosan and beef tallow at different level on glucose and lipid metabolism in rats. Dietary fot level was 20% and 40%, and chitosan was given at levels of 0%, 3%, and 5%(wt/wt) of diet. Chitosan supplement tended to decrease the serum total lipids, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. HDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol : total cholesterol ratio tended to increase with 5% chitosan supplementation. LDL cholesterol and VLDL triglyceride tended to decrease with chitosan supplementation. Lipid concentration of liver and epididymal fat pad(EEP) tended to decrease with medium dietary fat and chitosan treatment. fecal excretion of total lipid and triglyceride exhibited a tendency to increase with high fat levels and chitosan. Length of small intestine and gastrointestinal transit time were not affected by dietary fit levels or chitosan supplements. Therefore, it could be suggested that chitosan supplement had beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. (Korean J Nutrition 31(7) : 1112-1120, 1998)