• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.705-718
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• 2014

This paper presents an analytical model for determining the transverse reinforcement required for reinforced concrete exterior beam-column joints subjected to reversed cyclic loading. Although the joint aspect ratio can affect joint shear strength, current design codes do not consider its effects in calculating joint shear strength and the necessary amount of transverse reinforcement. This study re-evaluated previous exterior beam-column joint tests collected from 11 references and showed that the joint shear strength decreases as the joint aspect ratio increases. An analytical model was developed, to quantify the transverse reinforcement required to secure safe load flows in exterior beam-column joints. Comparisons with a database of exterior beam-column joint tests from published literature validated the model. The required sectional ratios of horizontal transverse reinforcement calculated by the proposed model were compared with those specified in ACI 352R-02. More transverse reinforcement is required as the joint aspect ratio increases, or as the ratio of vertical reinforcement decreases; however, ACI 352R-02 specifies a constant transverse reinforcement, regardless of the joint aspect ratio. This reevaluation of test data and the results of the analytical model demonstrate a need for new criteria that take the effects of joint aspect ratio into account in exterior joint design.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.215-233
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• 2016

Exterior beam-column joints are structural elements that ensure connection between beams and columns. The joint strength is generally assumed to be governed by the structural element of lowest load capacity (beam or column), however, the joint may be the weakest link. The joint shear behavior is still not well understood due to the influence of several variables, such as geometry of the connection, stress level in the column, concrete strength and longitudinal beam reinforcement. A parametrical study based only on experiments would be impracticable and not necessarily exposes the failure mechanisms. This paper reports on a set of numerical simulations conducted in DIANA$^{(R)}$ software for the investigation of the shear strength of exterior joints. The geometry of the joints and stress level on the column are the variables evaluated. Results have led to empirical expressions that provide the shear strength of unreinforced exterior beam-column joints.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.78 no.5
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• pp.623-635
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• 2021

Previous studies have suggested the maximum experimental story shear force of beam-column joint frame does not reach its theoretical value due to beam-column joint failure when the column-to-beam moment capacity ratio was close to 1.0. It was also pointed out that under a certain amount of axial force, an axial collapse and a sudden decrease of lateral load-carrying capacity may occur at the joint. Although increasing joint transverse reinforcement could improve the lateral load-carrying capacity and axial load-carrying capacity of beam-column joint frame, the conditions considering varying axial force were still not well investigated. For this purpose, 7 full-scale specimens with no-axial force and 14 half-scale specimens with varying axial force are designed and subjected to static loading tests. Comparing the experimental results of the two types of specimens, it has indicated that introducing the varying axial force leads to a reduction of the required joint transverse reinforcement ratio which can avoid the beam-column joint failure. For specimens with varying axial force, to prevent beam-column joint failure and axial collapse, the lower limit of joint transverse reinforcement ratio is acquired when given a column-to-beam moment capacity ratio.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1992.04a
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• pp.59-66
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• 1992

The objective of this investigation was to dvaluater the factors influencing the vasic shear strength of Exterior Beam-Column Joint. Reversec cyclic loading were carride out for 10 reinforced concrete Exterior Beam-Column subassemblages. All the specimens finally failed in joint shear.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.221-234
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• 2014

A nonlinear finite element analysis using ANSYS is used to evaluate the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete exterior beam-column joints. The behavior of the finite element models under cyclic loading is compared with the experimental results. Two beam-column joint specimens (SH and SHD) with square hoop confinement in joint and throughout the column with detailing as per IS 13920 are studied. The specimen SHD was provided with additional diagonal bars from column to beam to relocate the plastic hinge formation from beam-column interface. The load-displacement relationship, joint shear stress and strain in beam obtained from numerical study showed good agreement with the experimental results. This investigation proves that seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete beam-column joints under reversed cyclic loading can be evaluated successfully using finite element modeling and analysis.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.283-292
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• 2015

In the moment frame subjected to earthquake loads, beam-column joint is structurally important for ductile behavior of a system. ACI Committee 352 proposed guidelines for designing beam-column joint details. The guidelines, however, need to be updated because of the lack of data regarding several factors that may improve the performance of joints. The purpose of this study is to investigate the seismic performance of reinforced concrete exterior joints with high-strength materials and unbonded tendons. Three specimens with different joint shear demand-to-strength ratios were constructed and tested, where headed bars were used to anchor the beam bars into the joint. All specimens showed satisfactory seismic behavior including moment strength of 1.3 times the nominal moment, ductile performance (ductility factor = at least 2.4), and sufficiently large dissipated energy.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.92 no.4
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• pp.405-419
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• 2024

In severe intensity seismic zones, the conventional detailing of reinforcement in the exterior beam-to-column joint causes congestion of steel that affects the ease of construction. This article evaluates the behaviour of exterior beam-column joints with different anchorage/connection methods suitable for avoiding steel congestion. Sub-assemblages having six-joint connections were cast and tested under reverse cyclic loading at the tip of the beam under displacement control. Of these, four connections are non-conventional reinforcement detailing were detailed as per ACI 352R-02 and IS-456 along with confinement as per IS-13920, Straight-Headed Bar, X Cross-Headed Bar and the remaining specimens are detailed as a conventional confined specimen. The experimental results from the specimens with different anchorages are compared with the monolithic connection. The study revealed that the X cross-headed bar considerably enhanced the joint's seismic performance in terms of strength, ductility, and energy dissipation. A numerical model (ABAQUS) that considers the nonlinear behaviour of steel and concrete in the beam-column joint is also considered in this study. The results of the experimental tests and the numerical differed by less than 10% on average. The developed headed-bar connection at the beam-column joint is evaluated by calculating the possible shear stress in the joints theoretically and the estimated values lie well within the values specified in standards/codes.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.115-123
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• 2017

To investigate the cyclic characteristics of the retrofitted exterior joints of RC frame with haunch, 70% scaled 6 beam-column exterior joint subassemblies were designed according to design guideline according to 1988 and tested with cyclic loading up to 3.5% story drift ratio. During the experiments axial forces are applied to columns to simulate gravity load. Experimental results shows that the strength of retrofitted specimens was increased steadily until 2.5% story drift ratio and their strengths increased more than 1.7 times of the non-retrofitted in case that main bar was bent away from exterior joint. The joint strength and effective stiffness of the retrofitted specimen was increased and results in more deformation capacity compared to the non-retrofitted.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2014

In this study, experimental research was carried out to investigate the seismic and structural performance of precast concrete exterior beam-column joints using bolt type connection and prestressing method. A total of five full-scale exterior beam-column joints were constructed and tested under reversed cyclic loading, controlled by displacement. Results of the test are as follows: Energy dissipation capacity and pinching phenomenon of PC beam-column joints showed disadvantageous behavior compared to RC beam-column joints. However, drift capacity of the PC joint was excellent. Also, yield mechanism concentrated on embedded nuts was suitable as an exterior beam-column joint of lateral load resistance frame. Additional application of prestressing method was also very effective to control excessive pinching and cracking in the joint region, and thus improved an overall seismic performance of the PC joint.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.475-514
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• 2016

Various models have been proposed by several researchers for predicting the exterior RC beam-column joint shear strength. Most of these models were calibrated and verified with some limited experimental database. From the models it has been identified that the joint shear strength majorly depends on ten governing parameters. In the present paper, detailed investigation of twelve analytical models for predicting shear strength of exterior beam-column joint has been carried out. The study shows the effect of each governing parameter on joint shear strength predicted by various models. It has been observed that the consensus on effect of few of the governing parameters amongst the considered analytical models has not been attained. Moreover, the predicted joint strength by different models varies significantly. Further, the prediction of joint shear strength by these analytical models has also been compared with a set of 200 experimental results from the literature. It has been observed that none of the twelve models are capable of predicting joint shear strength with sufficient accuracy for the complete range of experimental results. The research community has to reconsider the effect of each parameters based on larger set of test results and new improved analytical models should be proposed.