• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.209-221
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• 2001

The nature of work which is changing has increased the importance of HRD within organization. Also, these changes are making HRD shift its paradigm : from the segregated, closed, operational & administrative, dependent, utilitarian view to the integrative, open, strategic & facilitative, interdependent, generative view. The shifts of the perspective on HRD cause HRD professionals rethink the purpose and definition of HRD, and the role & competency needed to HRD in 21st century. The findings which are drawn through literature review and researcher’s intuition based on a long field experience are as follows. First, The function of HRD has recently been much more important then that of the past. Second, There is no consensus over the conceptual identity of HRD. Nonetheless, it is apparent that the preferred activities of the HRD function is performance improvement. Third, It is too difficult that we should define clearly the role & competency of HRD because of diverse perspectives on them. But we find much evidence converging to support the fact that the role & competency of HRD should be extended from the sole focus on training & development to adding the additional role & competency of change agent, who includes planning, implementing, and managing change.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.158-166
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• 2016

Purpose: To understand clinical significance of irregular interface between meningioma and adjacent brain parenchyma in predicting histological grading of tumor, focusing on brain parenchymal invasion. Materials and Methods: Pathologically confirmed 79 cases with meningiomas with pathological reports about the presence of parenchymal invasion were included. We defined the presence of interface irregularity as either spiculations or fuzzy margins between the tumor and brain parenchyma. We counted number of spiculations and measured ratio of fuzzy margin length to whole length of mass with consensus of two neuroradiologists. We classified the patients into Present group and Absent group, and the two groups were compared by using the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical correlations between the presence of an interface irregularity and brain parenchymal invasion by the tumor as well as meningioma histological grade were tested with chi-square test. The optimal cutoff values of spiculation numbers and the ratio of fuzzy margins were determined. The sensitivity and specificity of number of spiculations, ratio of fuzzy margin and the presence of irregular interface as combined parameters for predicting the parenchymal invasion were calculated using ROC curve analysis. Results: Statistically significant differences were noted between the Present and Absent groups for number of spiculations and ratio of fuzzy margin (P = 0.038 and P = 0.028, respectively). The optimal cutoff value for number of spiculations (> 4.5 with 61.1% sensitivity and 68.9% specificity) and the ratio of fuzzy margin (> 0.24 with 66.7% sensitivity and 65.6% specificity) were determined. The sensitivity and specificity of interface irregularity as the combined parameters were 72% and 59%, respectively. The interface irregularity between tumor and brain parenchyma significantly correlated with not only brain parenchymal invasion (P = 0.001) and but also histological grade (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The interface irregularity between tumor and brain parenchyma in MRI can be a strong predictive factor for brain parenchymal invasion and high grade meningioma.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.363-366
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• 2012

Objective : Meralgia paresthetica (MP) is a syndrome of pain and/or dysesthesia in the anterolateral thigh that is caused by an entrapment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) at its pelvic exit. Despite early accounts of MP, there is still no consensus concerning the effectiveness of neurolysis or transaction treatments in the long-term relief for medically refractory patients with MP. We retrospectively analyzed available long-term results of LFCN neurolysis for medically refractory MP in an effort to clarify this issue. Methods : During the last 7 years, 11 patients who had neurolysis for MP were enrolled in this study. Nerve entrapment was confirmed preoperatively by electrophysiological studies or a positive response to local anesthetic injection. Decompression of the LFCN was performed at the level of the iliac fascia, inguinal ligament, and fascia of the thigh distally. The outcome of surgery was assessed 8 weeks after the procedure followed at regular intervals if symptoms persisted. Results : Twelve decompression procedures were performed in 11 patients over a 7-year period. The average duration of symptoms was 8.5 months (range, 4-15 months). The average follow-up period was 33 months (range, 12-60 months). Complete and partial symptom improvement were noted in nine (81.8%) and two (18.2%) cases, respectively. No recurrence was reported. Conclusion : Neurolysis of the LFCN can provide adequate pain relief with minimal complications for medically refractory MP. To achieve a good outcome in neurolysis for MP, an accurate diagnosis with careful examination and repeated blocks of the LFCN, along with electrodiagnosis seems to be essential. Possible variation in the course of the LFCN and thorough decompression along the course of the LFCN should be kept in mind in planning decompression surgery for MP.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.172-182
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• 2021

Purpose: We evaluated the diagnostic performance of LI-RADS version 2018 using gadoxetic acid enhanced MRI for recurrent but untreated HCC in patients with prior history of HCC. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 50 consecutive patients who 1) prior history of treatment of HCC, 2) underwent liver surgery for radiological/clinical diagnosis of new HCC between 2013 to 2018, 3) had gadoxetic acid enhanced MRI within one month before surgery, and 4) did not have more than five HCCs or infiltrative tumors only. Two radiologists reviewed MRI and determined the presence of LR3, LR4 and LR5 observations except previously treated tumors based on LI-RADS version 2018 in consensus. We sub-classified LR4 into LR4m (LR4 with major features only) and LR4u (LR4 upgraded from LR3 by ancillary features). LR4u were further sub-classified into LR4ua (with arterial phase hyperenhancement) and LR4un (without arterial phase hyperenhancement). Results: PPV for LR5, LR4 and LR3 observations for recurrent HCC were 100%, 61.5% and 25.0%, respectively. 100% (3/3) of LR4m were HCC. However, PPV of LR4u was 56.5%. PPV of LR4ua and LR4un were 73.3% and 25.0%, respectively. Sensitivity of LR5 and LR5+LR4 observations as a diagnostic threshold were 32.1% and 89.3%, respectively. Sensitivity for LR5+LR4m+LR4ua observations for diagnosis of HCC were 83.7% and significantly superior to that of LR5 without significant deterioration of specificity (75.0%). Conclusion: In patients with prior history of HCC, LR4 observations by major features or with APHE may be regarded as recurrent HCCs given high sensitivity and comparable specificity/PPV to LR5 observations.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.287-295
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze what constitutes the sympathetic component of nurses care of dementia patients. For this study, 219 nurses in nursing dementia patients were treated in nursing hospitals. Using the Empathy Consensus Rating Scale (ECRS), basic model extraction, model modification, and model suitability verification were performed through factor structure search and confirmation factor analysis (CFA). The results of this study confirmed the validity and reliability of the constituents with 49 questions, including 3 factors including the acceptance of other emotions, the suppression of one's own emotions, and the exchange and interaction of emotions. According to these results, it is expected that the ECRS that can secure validity and reliability can be used for the study to confirm the nurse's Empathy in the dementia patients' nursing field.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2019

Objectives : This study aimed to report the evidence of difficulty, safety, and frequency of the use of Chuna Manual Therapy. Methods : The survey questions were developed using the consensus from a professor who majored in Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine (RMKM). November 26th to December 31st 2018, the questionnaire was given to education training members of the Korean Society of Chuna Manual Medicine for Spine & Nerves by paper. Twenty-nine(23%) of the questionnaires were retrieved. Difficulty, safety, and frequency of the use of Chuna Manual Therapy were reported based on the questionnaire. Results : In this study, the more difficult techniques were observed to be less safe. In particular, the adjustment techniques applied to the cervical and lumbar spine was answered with high difficulty. Although these techniques are high difficulty and low safety, the reason for its versatility also suggests that the technique has a high therapeutic effect and necessity. Conclusions : This is the first consensus on experts'opinions on Chuna Manual Therapy for education. We hope that this report is helpful for Korean medicine doctors who operate technique and expected to make clinical evidence of Chuna Manual Therapy.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2009

Pulmonary surfactant (PS) therapy in premature infants has a remarkable impact on improving survival and outcomes in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Early PS therapy involves instillation of PS upon delivery of very premature infants or if there is evidence of RDS, such as an increased requirement of oxygen 2 hours after birth, especially in infants <30 weeks gestation. Early PS treatment in very premature infants results in a significant reduction in the severity of RDS, mortality, and incidence of pneumothorax, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in comparison with late PS treatment. According to European and American consensus guidelines on the management of neonatal RDS, early PS instillation should be considered for infants <30 weeks gestation, infants with a birth weight <1,250 g, or if the mother has not received antepartum corticosteroids. We suggest that the Korean health insurance policy on RDS be modified so that PS can be used for better clinical outcomes of very premature infants.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-31
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• 2015

Various concepts and practices of public deliberation have been exercised over the last three decades in western countries for science and technology (ST) governance. There has been a general social consensus for the need of such new governance notwithstanding, ends and means to achieve it varied. Among various rationales, while normative and substantive perspectives are explicitly claimed in public as reasons for public engagement in ST policy making, instrumental perspectives tend to be implicitly arranged by interested parties and still affecting policy significantly. This paper therefore, examines the implications of such instrumental perspectives in public engaged ST governance. To do so, this paper analyses the discourses and practices of public deliberation for ST governance in the UK from the late 1990's until the mid 2000's. It examines the proposals made by various policy institutions and two real public deliberations- the GM Dialogue for commercialization of genetically modified crops and the Committee on Radioactive Waste Management(CoRWM)'s programme. This study finds that policy institutions tried to employ public deliberation as strategic instrument for their policy interest, which contrasted with their outwardly claimed rationales of democratic policy making and better quality in decision for ST governance.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

Objectives This study aimed to propose biomarkers for diagnosing Chuna manual therapy (CMT) based on X-ray images in the thoracic and lumbar spines. Methods Through a literature review and expert consensus process, diagnostic biomarkers for CMT were selected based on the listing system in thoracic and lumbar radiograph anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral views. Results 1. Diagnostic biomarkers were derived from four points on the outer contour of the vertebral body in the thoracic and lumbar spine radiograph lateral view, enabling the diagnosis of flexion and extension malposition. 2. Additional diagnostic biomarkers were identified in the thoracic and lumbar radiographAP view, utilizing points on the outer contour of the vertebral body. These biomarkers facilitate the diagnosis of lateral bending. Moreover, biomarkers derived from the innermost point of the pedicle contour allow for the diagnosis of rotation malposition. 3. Furthermore, through the biomarkers proposed in this study, all malpositions of the thoracolumbar spines and complex Type I and II malpositions can be diagnosed in CMT. Conclusions The biomarkers reported in this study consist of minimal points to determine the position of the vertebral body, providing the advantage of simplicity while minimizing potential errors during the CMT diagnostic process. Further clinical research and the development of related programs should be pursued to expand the evidence for CMT.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 2011

Objectives: In this study, we summarized the External Quality Assessment Scheme (EQAS) for the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toxic chemicals which started in 1995 and continued until a $31^{st}$ round robin in the spring of 2010. The program was performed twice per year until 2009, and this was changed to once a year since 2010. The objective of the program is to ensure the reliability of the data related to biological monitoring from analytical laboratories. Methods: One hundred and eighteen laboratories participated in the $31^{st}$ round robin. The program offers 5 items for inorganic analysis: lead in blood, cadmium in blood, manganese in blood, cadmium in urine, and mercury in urine. It also offers 10 items for organic analysis, including hippuric acid, methylhippuric acid, mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, N-methylformamide, N-methylacetamide, trichloroacetic acid, total trichloro-compounds, trans,trans-muconic acid, and 2,5-hexanedione in urine. Target values were determined by statistical analysis using consensus values. All the data, such as chromatograms and calibration curves, were reviewed by the committee. Results: The proficiency rate was below 70% prior to the first round robin and improved to over 90% for common items, such as PbB and HA, while those for other items still remained in the range of 60-90% and need to be improved up to 90%. Conclusion: The EQAS has taken a primary role in improving the reliability of analytical data. A total quality assurance scheme is suggested, including the validation of technical documentation for the whole analytical procedure.