• 제목/요약/키워드: Basis Set

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Sialic Acid를 지표성분으로 하는 유청가수분해단백분말의 기능성식품 개발연구 - II. 효소분리 용매정제로 고농도 Sialic Acid가 함유된 유청가수분해단백분말(23%)의 랫드를 이용한 90일 반복경구투여 독성시험 평가 연구 - (Development and Research on a Functional Hydrolyzed Whey Protein Powder Product with Sialic Acid as a Marker Compound - II. Repeated 90-day Oral Administration Toxicity Test using Rats Administered Whey Protein Powder containing Highly Concentrated Sialic Acid (23%) produced by Enzyme Separation and Solvent Enrichment Method -)

  • 노혜지;조향현;김희경;고홍범
    • Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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    • 제34권2호
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    • pp.117-135
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    • 2016
  • 본 시험은 sialic acid가 23%를 함유하도록 제조한 유청가수분해단백분말제제(whey protein of hydrolysis)의 기능성 식품원료로 개발을 위한 동물안전성을 평가에 연구목표를 두었다. 시험물질은 sialic acid 23%(v/v)와 원료인 GMP(glycomacropeptide)가수분해 단백질이 87%(v/v)로 구성되어 있었다(시험명: 23%-GNANA). 시험물질의 독성 유무는 한국식품의약안전청(KFDA, 2014)과 OECD(2008)의 의약품 등의 독성시험 기준에 따라 실시하였다. 평가방법으로서, 시험물질의 투여용량을 0, 1,250, 2,500 및 5,000 mg/kg/day하여 SPF Sprague-Dawley 계열 암수 랫드에 90일 동안 반복경구투여하였을 때 나타나는 독성 여부를 평가하였다. 평가항목으로서는 사망률, 일반증상관찰, 체중 변화, 사료섭취량 측정, 안검사, 요검사, 혈액학적 및 혈액생화학적 검사, 부검 시 장기의 중량 측정, 부검 시 육안적 및 조직병리학적 검사 등을 평가하였다. 결과로서, 시험물질로 인한 일반증상 및 사망동물은 발생하지 않았다. 또한, 안과학적 검사, 요검사 그리고 혈액학적 및 혈액이화학적 이상 여부와 부검 시 육안적 검사 및 조직병리학적 검사에서 대조군 대비 특이한 변화는 관찰되지 않았다(P<0.05). 이외의 평가 항목에서, 암컷은 사료섭취량과 증체율이 다소 감소하였고, 그리고 수컷에서는 요의 SG와 PRO 및 고환 무게가 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였지만, 시험물질-유래 경미한 변화(non-adverse effect)가 고용량군(5,000 mg/kg/day)만 확인되었다. Weight-based classification(독성 강도에 따른 분류)를 적용한 최종 독성평가 결과는 다음과 같다. 수컷의 경우, NOEL(No Observed Effect Level)은 5,000 mg/kg/day 그리고 암컷의 경우는 NOAEL(No Observed Adverse Effect Level)은 5,000 mg/kg/day로 최종 확인되었다. 따라서, 암수 모두에서 시험물질의 NOAEL은 투여최대용량인 5,000 mg/kg/day로 확인되었다. 결론적으로, 시험물질인 유청가수분해단백분말제제는 건강기능식품의 특성상 임상허용용량인 1,000 mg/kg/day의 5배 수준에서 안전함을 확인되었다.

조기유방암환자의 이차원치료계획과 삼차원치료계획의 방사선조사범위의 차이 (Difference in the Set-up Margin between 2D Conventional and 3D CT Based Planning in Patients with Early Breast Cancer)

  • 조선미;전미선;김미화;오영택;강승희;노오규
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • 제28권3호
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    • pp.177-183
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    • 2010
  • 목 적: 유방암 치료를 위한 방사선치료계획에 전산화단층촬영을 이용한 모의치료가 널리 이용되고 있다. 이는 환자 개개인의 해부학적 특징에 기반하여 종양 표적과 정상 조직을 정의할 수 있다. 본 연구는 일반적으로 유방 크기가 작은 한국인 유방암 환자에서 적용하는 방사선치료계획 방법에 따라 치료용적 및 치료범위에 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위해 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2008년 11월부터 2009년 1월까지 조기유방암으로 유방보존술을 시행 받은 25명의 환자를 대상으로 통상적인 접면조사의 이차원치료 계획과 전산화단층촬영을 기반으로 한 삼차원치료계획을 시행하였다. 이차원 치료계획에서 방사선조사영역의 경계는 유방실질을 촉지하여 결정하였고 위쪽으로는 쇄골의 바로 아래, 내측은 몸의 정중선, 외측은 중심 액와선 그리고 아래쪽은 유방밑주름에서 2 cm 아래에 표시하였다. 삼차원치료계획에서 임상표적체적은 모든 유선 조직을 포함하였고 계획용 표적체적은 임상표적체적에서 피부 쪽을 제외한 모든 방향으로 1 cm의 여유를 두어 결정하였다. 이차원과 삼차원치료계획 간의 조사영역의 경계 차이 및 동등조사영역의 차이를 확인하고 신체질량지수, 폐경 여부 및 유방크기의 관련성을 평가하였다. 그리고 선량분포로 지정한 유방조사량과 삼차원 선량분포에 기반하여 측정된 조사된 폐용적과 심장용적을 평가하였다. 결 과: 2명의 환자를 제외하고 계획용표적체적(PTV)은 삼차원치료계획이 이차원치료계획보다 모든 방향에서 표시한 방사선조사영역을 감소시켰고 위쪽 경계에서 그 차이값이 가장 컸다. 동등조사영역크기는 한 명을 제외하고 삼차원치료계획에서 이차원치료계획에서보다 작았으며(평균 0.9 cm), 신체질량지수, 폐경 여부 및 유방크기(브래지어 사이즈)와의 관련성은 보이지 않았다. 조사된 폐용적은 삼차원치료계획에서 유의하게 감소하였고, 심장용적 또한 감소하였지만 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 결 론: 통상적인 치료계획과 비교하여 전산화단층촬영을 기반으로 한 삼차원치료계획이 작은 유방을 가진 환자에서 방사선조사영역 및 손상위험장기의 조사량을 줄이면서 수술 후 변화를 포함하여 더 정확한 종양치료가 가능할 수 있음을 보여주었다. 그러나 앞으로 임상표적체적의 정의에 대한 추가적인 연구 및 일반적인 합의가 필요하다.

젖소 유방염 관리에 따른 세균 및 체세포수 등급 실태 조사 분석 (Analytical studies of bovine mastitis management by standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC))

  • 허정호;정명호;박영호;조명희;이주홍
    • 한국동물위생학회지
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    • 제21권3호
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    • pp.285-300
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    • 1998
  • 1. The number of average milking cows, clinical forms of mastitis, mastitis-developing cows, and cows killed by mastitis a year were 25.7, 1.8(7%), 6.3(26%), and 2.7(10.1%)heads, respectively. The annual grade changes of standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) showed the grade 1A of SPC diminished sharply from April to August, we think it was due to the lack of proper management in farming season and the grade 3 of SCC indirectly influenced increased in huge during August. 2. The average number of parturitions of farms was 2.3, but 50% of below 1 parturition were 22 farms(31%), 50% of above 3 parturitions were 16(23%) out of 71 farms. According to grades of the number of parturitions of milking cows per each farm, the farms' grades recording 3 parturitions and 50% were little bit excellent. 3. The actual situation research of foremilking CMT revealed 35 out of 74 farmer didn't do CMT Among them(35 out of 74 farmers), 80% did not test thanks to the troublesome process of the CMT. SCC grade 3, among farms who did foremilking CMT once or twice a month and who did not were 29% and 40% respectively and SPC grade 1A were 55% and 9%, respectively. 4. The research of actual situation on milking management let us know 29 farms(39%) did not do lastmilking, 37 farms(49%) usually did overmilking, and 34 farms(46%) did milking for 4 or 5 minutes. Grades according to average requiring times of milking showed SCC grade 1 of farms milking within 7 minutes was 11% and SPC grade 1A was 34%, on the other side, farms milking more than 7 minutes were 0% in SCC grade 1 and 13% in SPC grade 1A. Grades according to the starting time of milking after rubbing teats showed SPC grade 1A of farms starting milking at about 1 minute and over 2 minutes were 50% and 20%, respectively. 5. The research of actual situation on hygienic milking management uncovered 65 farms(88%) were using one towel which was used in washing teats and udders to wash more than 3 to 4 cows, and 53 farms(72%) were using one dried towel to dry udders not for each cow but for more than 3 to 4 cows after washing. Also, on milking turns disclosed 30 farms(40%) were milking cows in the order of incoming without isolation of a dominant group. According to grades of towels used in washing teats and udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 56% and a towel for over 3 cows were 31% in SPC grade 1A. According to using-or-not grades of dried towels after washing udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 79% and a towel for over 3 cows were 21% in SPC grade 1A. 6. Farms doing teat-dipping before milking were 7(10%), not doing teat-dipping after milking, or doing sometimes were 9(12%), and doing right after milking were 57(77%). And farms doing teat-dipping after dry cows and before delivery were 21(28a ). Farms using bethadine as an antiseptic solution were 70(95%), 40 farms(59%) diluted it with water as weak as 5 to 10 times, and on drying cows 64 farms(87%) slowly did it more than 2 days. Grade 1A of SPC of farms doing teat-dipping at every milking was 38%, farms doing occasionally or not was 33%, and farms doing it right after milking was 37% and doing after milking more than 5 cows was 20%. Grade 1A of SPC among farms diluting bethadine 5 times and diluting 5 to 10 times with water were 36% and 33%, respectively, and Grade 3 of SCC were 35% and 32%, respectively. 7. Studies on nonlactating period medical treatment, as the cows were on dry, 54 farms treated with their own hands.73 farms(98%) had bovine mastitis treated for themselves. And on applying medicines against mastitis, 55 farmers chose them on the basis of their own experience, 42 farms(57%) were treated more than 3 days. 41 farms(55%) dumped away the mastitis infected milk separately, 24 farms(32%) were feeding and milking at the same time. 8. Fifty-six farms(76%) always washed and disinfected milking machines after milking. Farms using the milking machines at low, or variable vacuum pressures, or at the vacuum pressure, set at the moment of its installation were 31(42%), and farms that did not know pulsation ratio were 27(37%). Farms changing liners when they were torn 8(11%), 58 farms(78%) said they checked milking system when there were wrong with them, 31 farms(42%) changed milking hoses when they found out problems, and 42 farms(57%) cleaned vacuum and milking systems when they felt dirty. The SPC grade 1A of farms washing and sterilizing milking machines was 38% and farms only washing was 28%.

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해외근무(海外覲務) 기업체(企業體)에 대(對)한 테러 방지책(防止策) - 최근(最近) 소수민족분리주의운동지역(小數民族分離主義運動地域)을 중심(中心)으로 - (The Preventive Measures On Terrorism Against Overseas Korean Businessmen(A view of recent ethnic minority separation movement))

  • 최윤수
    • 시큐리티연구
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    • 제1호
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    • pp.351-370
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    • 1997
  • This study concerns possible measures to prevent separatists' terrorist acts against overseas Korean businessmen. Of late, many Korean enterprises are helping a number of foreign countries develop their economy, by building factories and manning regional offices in those countries. But recent development of terrorism especially against Korean businessmen is alarming. This report discusses the need for Korean enterprises heading overseas to prepare themselves with awareness of terrorism and possible protective measures against it, besides their routine pursuance of profits; and for the government and prospective enterprises to refrain from investing in those countries having active separatist movements. If an investment has become inevitable, a careful survey of the region in conflict should be conducted and self-protective measures should be put in place through security information exchange, emergency coordination and training of personnel, etc. This study will first review the past terrorist incidents involving employees of overseas Korean enterprises, and then will focuss on seeking effective measures on the basis of the reported incidents. In carrying out the study, related literature from both home and abroad have been used along with the preliminary materials reported and known on the Internet from recent incidents. 1. The separatist movements of minority groups Lately, minority separatist groups are increasingly resorting to terrorism to draw international attention with the political aim of gaining extended self rule or independence. 2. The state of terrorism against overseas Korean enterprises and Koreans Korean enterprises are now operating businesses, and having their own personnel stationed, in 85 countries including those in South East Asia and Middle East regions. In Sri Lanka, where a Korean enterprise recently became a target of terrorist bombing, there are 75 business firms from Korea and some 700 Korean employees are stationed as of August 1996. A total of 19 different terrorist incidents have taken place against Koreans abroad since 1990. 3. Terrorism preventive measures Terrorism preventive measures are discussed in two ways: measures by the government and by the enterprises. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by the government - Possible measures at governmental level can include collection and dissemination of terrorist activity information. Emphasis should be given to the information on North Korean activities in particular. ${\blacktriangleleft}$ Measures by individual enterprises - Organizational security plan must be established by individual enterprises and there should also be an increase of security budget. A reason for reluctant effort toward positive security plan is the perception that the security budget is not immediately linked to an increment of profit gain. Ensuring safety for overseas personnel is a fundamental obligation of an enterprise. Consultation and information exchange on security plan, and an emergency support system at a threat to security must be sought after and implemented. 4. Conclusion Today's terrorism varies widely depending on reasons and causes, and its means has become increasingly informationalized and scientific as well while its method is becoming more clandestine and violent. Terrorist organizations are increasingly aiming at enterprises for acquisition of budgets needed for their activities. Korean enterprises have extended their business realm to foreign countries since 1970, exposing themselves to terrorism. Enterprises and their employees, therefore, should establish their own security measures on the one hand while the government must provide general measures, on the other, for the protection of the life and property of Korean residents abroad from terrorist attacks. In this regard, set-up of a counter terrorist organization that coordinates the efforts of government authorities in various levels in planning and executing counter terrorist measures is desired. Since 1965, when the hostile North Korea began to step up its terrorist activities against South Koreans, there have been 7 different occasions of assassination attempt on South Korean presidents and some 500 cases of various kidnappings and attempted kidnappings. North Korea, nervous over the continued economic growth and social stabilization of South Korea, is now concentrating its efforts in the destruction and deterioration of the national power of South Korea for its earlier realization of reunification by force. The possibility of North Korean terrorism can be divided into external terrorist acts and internal terrorist acts depending on the nationality of the terrorists it uses. The external terrorist acts include those committed directly by North Korean agents in South Korea and abroad and those committed by dissident Koreans, hired Korean residents, or international professionals or independent international terrorists bought or instigated by North Korea. To protect the life and property of Korean enterprises and their employees abroad from the threat of terrorism, the government's administrative support and the organizational efforts of enterprises should necessarily be directed toward the planning of proper security measures and training of employees. Also, proper actions should be taken against possible terrorist acts toward Korean business employees abroad as long as there are ongoing hostilities from minority groups against their governments.

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아마추어 골프 선수를 위한 코치-선수 관계 척도의 타당화: Rasch 평정척도 모형 적용 (Validation of the coach-athlete relationship scale of amateur golf players: Rasch rating scale model)

  • 김세형;최재일;이준우
    • Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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    • 제24권6호
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    • pp.1319-1329
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    • 2013
  • 이 연구는 Rasch 모형을 적용하여 아마추어 골프 선수들에게 적합한 코치-선수와의 관계 척도를 개발하고 타당화시키는데 목적이 있다. 코치-선수 관계 척도는 Kim과 Park (2008)이 개발한 한국판 척도를 검사내용에 기초한 증거를 토대로 수정 (11문항, 7척도)하여 아마추어 골프 선수 217명 (중학교, 고등학교, 대학교)에게 조사하였다. 그리고 WINSTEPS 프로그램을 이용하여 Rasch 모형의 기본가정인 일차원성을 검증 (주성분 분석)하였으며, 응답범주에 적절성은 단계조정값 (step calibration)을 통해 규명하였다. 이때 적합도 지수 (infit, outfit)를 통해 문항별 적합도를 검증하였으며, 골프경력 (10년미만, 10년이상)에 따라 차별기능문항을 추정하였다. 문항별로 추정되는 적합지수가 1.30 이상을 부적합하게 판단하였고, 분석에 모든 유의수준을.05로 설정하였다. 분석결과, Rasch 측정모형에 의해 설명되는 관찰분산이 20% 이상 (33.7%)으로 나타나 11문항의 일차원성 가정은 만족하였다. 그리고 응답범주 (7척도)를 단계조정값으로 분석한 결과에서 부적합하게 나타나 5점 척도로 재점수화하여 재분석한 결과에서 적합하게 나타났다. 특히 체계화된 응답범주 (5척도)를 이용하여 문항의 적합도를 추정한 결과, 상보성 요인에서 문항 10 (나는 최선을 다할 준비가 되어 있다)과 문항 11 (나는 호의적인 자세를 취한다)이 부적합 문항으로 나타났고 골프경력에 따라 차별기능문항 추정결과에서는 상보성 요인인 문항 11이 경력에 따라 비균일적으로 차별화되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 부적합하고 차별되는 두 문항을 제거하여 아마추어 골프 선수에게 적합한 코치-선수 관계 척도는 9문항에 5점 척도가 타당한 것으로 규명되었다.

토지이용 변화에 따른 수문 특성의 변화를 추적하기 위한 Lumped모형의 개발 (Development of lumped model to analyze the hydrological effects landuse change)

  • 손일
    • 대한지리학회지
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    • 제29권3호
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    • pp.233-252
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    • 1994
  • 토지이용수문학을 위한 하나의 대안으로, 모형의 단순성, 모형변형의 용이성, 그리 고 모의된 모형으로부터 지속적인 유량 예측 능력을 지닌 Lumped모형을 이용해 토지이용 변화에 따른 수문특성의 변화를 추적하였다. Blackie(1972)의 모형을 근간으로, R1131(11-parameter, 3-storage, l-input option) 모형을 구축하였다. 연구 대상 유역분지는 케냐에 있는 Kimakia Catchement K11이며, 이곳의 토지이용은 3번 변화하였다. 3단계의 토 지이용 기간에 대해 모형을 보정한 결과, 모형유효도는 96.78%, 97.20%, 94.62%이며, 전체유 량오차는 각각 -1.78%, -3.36%, 5.32% 였다. 보정된 모형을 이용해 각 토지이용 단계별로 확장유출량을 발생시키고, 빈도해석을 시도했다. 홍수 규모가 작은 경우 식생변화에 따라 31.3%와 32.1% 정도로 홍수량이 줄어들었으나, 홍수 규모가 커짐에 따라 홍수량의 감소 정 도는 점차 작아지고 있다. 이와 같은 현상은 갈수량의 변화에서도 발견된다. 또한 식생이 어 느 정도까지 성장한 이후에는 계속된 식생 성장에도 불구하고 홍수량과 갈수량은 큰 변화가 없다.

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다분류 SVM을 이용한 DEA기반 벤처기업 효율성등급 예측모형 (The Prediction of DEA based Efficiency Rating for Venture Business Using Multi-class SVM)

  • 박지영;홍태호
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.139-155
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    • 2009
  • For the last few decades, many studies have tried to explore and unveil venture companies' success factors and unique features in order to identify the sources of such companies' competitive advantages over their rivals. Such venture companies have shown tendency to give high returns for investors generally making the best use of information technology. For this reason, many venture companies are keen on attracting avid investors' attention. Investors generally make their investment decisions by carefully examining the evaluation criteria of the alternatives. To them, credit rating information provided by international rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's, Moody's and Fitch is crucial source as to such pivotal concerns as companies stability, growth, and risk status. But these types of information are generated only for the companies issuing corporate bonds, not venture companies. Therefore, this study proposes a method for evaluating venture businesses by presenting our recent empirical results using financial data of Korean venture companies listed on KOSDAQ in Korea exchange. In addition, this paper used multi-class SVM for the prediction of DEA-based efficiency rating for venture businesses, which was derived from our proposed method. Our approach sheds light on ways to locate efficient companies generating high level of profits. Above all, in determining effective ways to evaluate a venture firm's efficiency, it is important to understand the major contributing factors of such efficiency. Therefore, this paper is constructed on the basis of following two ideas to classify which companies are more efficient venture companies: i) making DEA based multi-class rating for sample companies and ii) developing multi-class SVM-based efficiency prediction model for classifying all companies. First, the Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) is a non-parametric multiple input-output efficiency technique that measures the relative efficiency of decision making units(DMUs) using a linear programming based model. It is non-parametric because it requires no assumption on the shape or parameters of the underlying production function. DEA has been already widely applied for evaluating the relative efficiency of DMUs. Recently, a number of DEA based studies have evaluated the efficiency of various types of companies, such as internet companies and venture companies. It has been also applied to corporate credit ratings. In this study we utilized DEA for sorting venture companies by efficiency based ratings. The Support Vector Machine(SVM), on the other hand, is a popular technique for solving data classification problems. In this paper, we employed SVM to classify the efficiency ratings in IT venture companies according to the results of DEA. The SVM method was first developed by Vapnik (1995). As one of many machine learning techniques, SVM is based on a statistical theory. Thus far, the method has shown good performances especially in generalizing capacity in classification tasks, resulting in numerous applications in many areas of business, SVM is basically the algorithm that finds the maximum margin hyperplane, which is the maximum separation between classes. According to this method, support vectors are the closest to the maximum margin hyperplane. If it is impossible to classify, we can use the kernel function. In the case of nonlinear class boundaries, we can transform the inputs into a high-dimensional feature space, This is the original input space and is mapped into a high-dimensional dot-product space. Many studies applied SVM to the prediction of bankruptcy, the forecast a financial time series, and the problem of estimating credit rating, In this study we employed SVM for developing data mining-based efficiency prediction model. We used the Gaussian radial function as a kernel function of SVM. In multi-class SVM, we adopted one-against-one approach between binary classification method and two all-together methods, proposed by Weston and Watkins(1999) and Crammer and Singer(2000), respectively. In this research, we used corporate information of 154 companies listed on KOSDAQ market in Korea exchange. We obtained companies' financial information of 2005 from the KIS(Korea Information Service, Inc.). Using this data, we made multi-class rating with DEA efficiency and built multi-class prediction model based data mining. Among three manners of multi-classification, the hit ratio of the Weston and Watkins method is the best in the test data set. In multi classification problems as efficiency ratings of venture business, it is very useful for investors to know the class with errors, one class difference, when it is difficult to find out the accurate class in the actual market. So we presented accuracy results within 1-class errors, and the Weston and Watkins method showed 85.7% accuracy in our test samples. We conclude that the DEA based multi-class approach in venture business generates more information than the binary classification problem, notwithstanding its efficiency level. We believe this model can help investors in decision making as it provides a reliably tool to evaluate venture companies in the financial domain. For the future research, we perceive the need to enhance such areas as the variable selection process, the parameter selection of kernel function, the generalization, and the sample size of multi-class.

부산 지역 응급의료정보센터를 통한 산모와 신생아 전원에 대한 연구 (Analysis of Maternal and Neonatal Transport by the 1339 Emergency Medical Information Center in Busan Area)

  • 김미진;이명철;유재호;김묘징
    • Neonatal Medicine
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.137-142
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    • 2011
  • 목적: 산모와 신생아 환자의 응급 진료는 치료의 특수성 때문에 치료할 수 있는 의료 기관 및 자원이 한정적이며, 상황에 따라 유동적으로 변화한다. 이에 저자들은 부산 지역 1339 응급의료 정보 센터를 통해 산모와 신생아 환자의 전원 상태를 조사하고, 주산기 의료 전달 체계의 현황을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법: 2009년 1월 1일부터 2009년 12월 31일까지 부산 지역 1339 응급 의료 정보 센터 전산 시스템에 입력된 자료를 이용하였다. 전원이 의뢰된 산모 378명과 신생아 136명을 대상으로 전원 성공률, 전원 결정까지 접촉한 의료 기관 수 및 소요 시간, 전원 이유, 전원 거절 이유를 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과: 산모는 전원 성공률이 65.5%였고, 전원 결정까지 접촉한 의료 기관은 2.7개, 소요 시간은 평균 24.4분(11.3-29.8분)이었다. 전원을 의뢰한 이유는 미숙아 분만이 가장 많았고, 전원이 거절된 이유는 의료진 부족, 의료 장비 부족, 병상 부족 순이었다. 신생아는 전원 성공률이 71.3%였고. 전원 결정까지 접촉한 의료 기관은 2.4개, 소요 시간은 평균 15.6분(7.9-21.3분)이었다. 전원을 의뢰한 이유는 호흡기 증상이 가장 많았고, 전원이 거절된 이유는 병상 부족, 의료 장비 부족, 의료진 부족 순이었다. 결론: 응급 의료 정보 센터를 통해 많은 산모와 신생아가 전원되나 전원 성공률은 높지 않았다. 산모와 신생아 환자에 대한 주산기 진료 체계의 적정성 평가와 함께 앞으로 통합적이고 지역화된 주산기 의료 전달 체계의 구축을 위해서는 국가적 차원의 접근이 필요하겠다.

간호교육기관의 실험실습설비 보유실태 조사 (A Survey on the Actual State of Laboratory Facilities and Equipments at Nursing Schools)

  • 임난영;이선옥;서문자;김혜숙;김문실;오경옥
    • 대한간호
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    • 제36권1호
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    • pp.108-117
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    • 1997
  • This study was carried out to examine the standards for evaluation of laboratory facilities and equipment. These constitute the most important yet vulnerable area of our system of higher education among the six school evaluation categories provided by the Korean Council for University Education. To obtain data on the present situation of holdings and management of laboratory facilities and equipment at nursing schools in Korea, questionnaires were prepared by members of a special committee of the Korea Nursing Education Society on the basis of the Standards for University Laboratory Facilities and Equipment issued by the Ministry of Education. The questionnaires were sent to nursing schools across the nation by mail on October 4, 1995. 39 institutions completed and returned the questionnaires by mail by December 31 of the same year. The results of the analysis of the survey were as follows: 1. The Physical Environment of Laboratories According to the results of investigation of 14 nursing departments at four-year colleges, laboratories vary in size ranging from 24 to 274.91 pyeong ($1{\;}pyeong{\;}={\;}3.3m^2).$. The average number of students in a laboratory class was 46.93 at four-year colleges, while the number ranged from 40 to 240 in junior colleges. The average floor space of laboratories at junior colleges, however, was almost the same as those, of laboratories at four-year colleges. 2. The Actual State of Laboratory Facilities and Equipment Laboratory equipment possessed by nursing schools at colleges and universities showed a very wide distribution by type, but most of it does not meet government standards according to applicable regulations while some types of equipment are in excess supply. The same is true of junior colleges. where laboratory equipment should meet a different set of government standards specifically established for junior colleges. Closer investigation is called for with regard to those types of equipment which are in short supply in more than 80 percent of colleges and universities. As for the types of equipment in excess supply, investigation should be carried out to determine whether they are really needed in large quantities or should be installed. In many cases, it would appear that unnecessary equipment is procured, even if it is already obsolete, merely for the sake of holding a seemingly impressive armamentarium. 3. Basic Science Laboratory Equipment Among the 39 institutions, five four-year colleges were found to possess equipment for basic science. Only one type of essential equipment, tele-thermometers, and only two types of recommended equipment, rotators and dip chambers, were installed in sufficient numbers to meet the standards. All junior colleges failed to meet the standards in all of equipment categories. Overall, nursing schools at all of the various institutions were found to be below per in terms of laboratory equipment. 4. Required Equipment In response to the question concerning which type of equipment was most needed and not currently in possession, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) machines and electrocardiogram (ECG) monitors topped the list with four respondents each, followed by measuring equipment. 5. Management of Laboratory Equipment According to the survey, the professors in charge of clinical training and teaching assistants are responsible for management of the laboratory at nursing schools at all colleges and universities, whereas the chief of the general affairs section or chairman of the nursing department manages the laboratory at junior colleges. This suggests that the administrative systems are more or less different. According to the above results, laboratory training could be defined as a process by which nursing students pick up many of the nursing skills necessary to become fully qualified nurses. Laboratory training should therefore be carefully planned to provide students with high levels of hands-on experience so that they can effectively handle problems and emergencies in actual situations. All nursing students should therefore be thoroughly drilled and given as much on-the-job experience as possible. In this regard, there is clearly a need to update the equipment criteria as demanded by society's present situation rather than just filling laboratory equipment quotas according to the current criteria.

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Effects of Single Cell Protein Replacing Fish Meal in Diet on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Intestinal Morphology in Weaned Pigs

  • Zhang, H.Y.;Piao, X.S.;Li, P.;Yi, J.Q.;Zhang, Q.;Li, Q.Y.;Liu, J.D.;Wang, G.Q.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제26권9호
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    • pp.1320-1328
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    • 2013
  • Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the ME value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of fish meal, and the effects of single cell protein (Prosin and Protide) replacing fish meal in diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows with initial BW of $30.8{\times}2.6kg$ were allotted to one of four dietary treatments. Diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 20% of the corn in diet 1 with one of the three protein feeds (fish meal, Prosin and Protide), and the DE and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of $25.6{\pm}3.2kg$) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the protein feeds as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, one hundred and eighty piglets (initial BW of $7.95{\pm}1.59kg$) weaned at $28{\times}2d$ were blocked by weight and assigned to one of five treatments for a 28-d growth performance study, each treatment was fed to six pens with six pigs (three barrows and three gilts) per pen. The five treatments consisted of the control group (CON), which was a corn-soybean meal diet containing 5% fish meal, and the other four treatments, which replaced a set amount of fish meal with either Prosin (2.5% or 5%) or Protide (2.5% or 5%). The diets were formulated to provide same nutrient levels. The results showed that on a DM basis, both of the DE and ME contents were lower in Prosin and Protide than that of fish meal (p<0.05). The SID of CP and all essential AA were greater in fish meal than in Prosin and Protide (p<0.05). The pigs fed CON diet had greater weight gain and lower feed conversion rate (FCR) than pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). The digestibility of CP was greater in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). Villus height in jejunum and ileum, and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum were higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets compared with the 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets. Pigs fed CON diet had greater villus height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). In conclusion, although Prosin and Protide contained lower ME content and SID of AA than fish meal, Prosin and Protide replacing 50% of fish meal in diet with identical nutrient levels could obtain similar performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs.