• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.33-51
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• 2011

This research derived the influencing factors for employees' compliance with the information security policy in organizations on the basis of Neutralization Theory, Theory of Planned Behavior and Protection Motivation Theory. To empirically analyze the research model and the hypotheses, data were collected by conducting web survey, 194 of 207 questionnaires were available. The test of causal model was conducted by PLS. Reliability, validity and model fit were found to be statistically significant. the results of hypotheses tests showed that seven ones of eight hypotheses could be accepted. The theoretical implications of this study are as follows : 1) this study is expected to play a role of baseline for future research about employee compliance with the information security policy, 2) this study attempted interdisciplinary approach through combining psychology and information system security research, and 3) it suggested concrete operational definitions of influencing factors for information security policy compliance through comprehensive theoretical review. Also, this study has some practical implications. First, it can provide the guideline to support the successful execution of the strategic establishment for implement of information system security policies in organizations. Second, it is proved that the need for conducting education and training program suppressing employees. neutralization psychology to violate information security policy should be emphasized in the organizations.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.822-830
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze effects of a community-based case management program for clients with hypertension living in the community. Methods: The research design was a one group pre and post-test design with 30 participants with hypertension who agreed to participate in the 8-12 week case management program provided by case managers from the National Health Insurance Corporation in 2002. Data were collected three times, before and after the case management services, and 6 months later. Outcomes included changes in blood pressure, knowledge of hypertension and daily life practices, including alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise, and medication adherence. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA and post-hoc tests of means revealed significant differences before and after service for systolic blood pressure, daily life practices (monitoring body weight and BP, low salt and cholesterol and high vegetable diet, and stress-relief practices), and exercise. The goal for medication adherence was attained after service. Significant improvements from baseline to 6 months after service were observed in measures of salt and vegetables in diet. There were no significant differences on hypertension knowledge, alcohol consumption or smoking behavior between before service and after, and at 6 months. Conclusion: The findings provide preliminary evidence that case management intervention can have positive outcomes on BP control, daily life practices, exercise, and medication adherence for clients with hypertension. However, additional interventions are needed to sustain long-term effects.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.3
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• pp.212-220
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• 2009

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has been increasing and growing as a threat in intensive care units. Limited therapeutic options have forced clinicians to choose colistin with or without combination of other antibiotics. We tried to compare the effectiveness between colistin monotherapy and combination therapy based on in vitro synergistic tests. Methods: From January 2006 to December 2007 in medical ICU of a tertiary care hospital in Korea, We reviewed the medical records of patients treated with intravenous colistin due to ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Results: A total of 41 patients were analyzed. 22 patients had been treated with colistin monotherapy and 19 patients with colistin and combination antibiotics that were found to have in vitro synergistic effects. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups but the mean duration of colistin administration was significantly longer in the combination group (19.1${\pm}$11.2 days vs. 12.3${\pm}$6.8 days, p=0.042). There were no significant differences in outcome variables between the two groups. Conclusion: Combination treatment based on the in vitro antimicrobial synergy test did not show better outcomes compared with colistin monotherapy in VAP caused by multi-drug resistant A. baumannii.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2004

This study was designed to examine fast food consumption, nutritional knowledge, food behavior and dietary intake of university students and to investigate if there were differences in these variables by fast food consumption. The questionnaire was administered to university students in Daejeon. Data(n=269) was analyzed using $x^2$-test and analysis of variance. Subjects were mostly female(62%) and freshmen or sophomores(86%). Based on the frequency of fast food consumption, subjects were categorized into non-users(27.9%), users(<2 times/week, 42%) and frequent users($\geq$2 times/week, 30.1%). Those who used fast foods(n=194) consumed the foods 7.5 times per month, on the average. Subjects scored 15.6 out of 20 on a nutritional knowledge scale, showing the moderate level of knowledge. When examined by fast food use, the nutritional knowledge score was 15.5 for non-users, 16.1 for users, and 15.0 for frequent-users(p<0.05). Only two items, regarding 'fat type(animal, plant) and health' and 'importance of having breakfast', were significantly different by fast food consumption, with user group and non-users scoring higher than frequent-users(p<0.05). Food behaviors, measured by 20 items, were not desirable, with mean scores of 51.5(possible score: 20-100). Subjects showed problems in eating meals regularly, eating a variety of foods, eating breakfast, and consumption of some food groups(vegetables, fruits, and proteins). Fast food non-users showed more desirable food behaviors than users or frequent-users, such as having processed foods (p<0.001) and eating-out less frequently(p<0.01). Dietary intake data showed that some nutrient intakes, including energy, calcium, iron, zinc and folic acid were less than 75% of the RDA. Index of nutritional quality(INQ) was adequate except for calcium and zinc. Compared to non-users or user group, frequent-users of fast foods consumed higher amounts of lipids(p<0.05), and had lower INQ for calcium(p<0.01). This study described the status of fast food consumption, nutritional knowledge, food behavior of university students, and provided some baseline data for planning nutrition education for university students.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.865-878
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• 1999

With advances in neonatal medicine, smaller and sicker infants are surviving premature birth. As these tiny patients battle for their lives, their parents also struggle with psychological consequences of an unexpected role. The birth of a sick infants has long been documented as stressful events for the parents. High stress levels may alter parents' interaction with their baby and impair their communication with health professionals, which can in turn affect parents' participation in care planning and decision making. Nursing interventions aimed at reducing the parental stress and anxiety levels during this crisis may have a positive impact on their ability to form an attatchment to their baby and make prudent decisions about his care. The planning of such interventions would be inhanced if the contributions of various factors to increased parental stress levels were identified. This descriptive study was conducted to understand the contents and degree of parental stress in the NICU during their premature's hospitalization, and to give a baseline data in developing nursing intervention program. Subjects were the 60 mother of hospitalized newborn in NICU of 2 University Hospital in Taejon City from April 1st, 1999 to June 30th, 1999, who agreed to take part in this study. The instrument used in this study were Parental Stressor Scales:NICU(PSS:NICU) developed by Miles et al.. and validated by 3 NICU practitioners and 3 child health nursing faculties. The questionnaire has 4 dimensions and 45 items; sight and sounds of NICU(5 items), babies' appearance and behavior nursing intervention(19 items), parental role alteration and relationship with their baby(10 items), health team communication(11 items). The questionnaire asks parents to rate each item on a five-point Likert type scale that ranges from "not stressful" (1) to "extremely stressfu1"(5). Total scores representing overall stress from the NICU environment are calculated by summing response to each item. A high score indicates high stress. A subscale score is calculated by summing the responses to each item in the subscale. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficients were .93. The data was analyzed as average, Frequency, Standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient by use of SPSS/PC+. The results of this study is summarized as follows ; 1. The total perceived stress level score of mothers of premature baby was slightly high($3.66{\pm}1.1$). The highest scored dimension was 'relationship with their baby and parental role change'($4.21{\pm}0.9$), and next were 'appearance and behavior of the baby'($3.92{\pm}1.1$), 'communication with health team'($3.32{\pm}1.3$), 'sight and sounds of NICU'($3.30{\pm}1.1$). 2. There were statistically significant correlation noted ; mother's perceived severity of the baby's condition(F=8.0012, P= .0125) and baby's gestational age(r = -.4724, P = .0500). In summary, information about physical environment of NICU, the mother's perceived severity of premature baby's state, maternal role change related variables and the knowledge of characteristics of premature baby must be included in nursing intervention program of mother's of premature baby in reducing the parental stress and anxiety level. It is suggested that each NICU needs to develop a nurse managed supportive care program for parents of premature baby. Also, it is suggested that there need to investigate the coping mechanism of mother of premature baby.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.117-127
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• 2010

Background : To demonstrate the efficacy of moxibustion therapy, randomized controled trials are required. But, clinical trials of moxibustion had limitations due to the absence of a sham moxibustion model for an appropriate placebo. Objectives : To develop a new sham moxibustion model based on the thermal characteristics of commercial indirect moxibustion, especially temperature, and to evaluate whether it could be applied in clinical trials. Methods : By applying heat insulation, we created a sham moxibustion device that was indistinguishable from a real one with the naked eye. It also stimulated heat but had inert remedial value. A clinical trial was performed on subjects to test double blinding. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups, a treatment group and a sham group. Acupoint Zusanli($ST_{36}$) was used in each group for 3 times. A sham acupuncture credibility questionnaire was modified into a moxibustion credibility questionnaire and was filled out after treatment. Results : No major difference was detected in the subjects' baseline data. Most subjects and practitioners could not distinguish the sham moxibustion device from the real one. But, subjects who had experience of moxibustion therapy more likely to distinguish the sham moxibustion device from the real one than subjects who didn't have experience of moxibustion therapy. The treatment group showed a significant difference in the VAS(Visual Analog Scale) for intensity of sensation during treatment than that of the sham group. Conclusions : The sham moxibustion device in this study is proved sufficient and credible to be applied in investigations of the effect of moxibustion. But it is more appropriate for the people who don't have experience of moxibustion therapy.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 2007

Periodontal surgery as part of the treatment of periodontal disease is mainly performed 1) to gain access to diseased areas for adequate cleaning; 2) to achieve pocket reduction or elimination; and 3) to restore the periodontal tissues lost through the disease; i.e., a new attachment formation of periodontal regeneration. To accomplish the latter, often referred to as the ultimate goal of periodontal therapy, a number of surgical procedures have been advocated throughout the years. Clinical studies have demonstrated that considerable gain of clinical attachment and bone can be achieved following guided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy of intrabony defects. The aim of this study was to analyse the radiographic bone changes 2-year after GTR using a bone graft material and nonresorbable membrane. Patients attending the department of periodontics of Kyungpook National University Hospital were studied. Patients had clinical and radiographic evidence of intrabony defect(s), 33 sites of 30 patients aged 32 to 56 (mean age 45.6) were treated by GTR with a bone graft material and nonresorbable membrane. Baseline and 2-year follow-up radiographs were collected and evaluated for this study. Radiographic assessment includes a bone fill, bone crest change, defect resolution, and % of defect resolution. Pre- and post-treatment differences between variables (maxilla and mandible, defect depth, defect angle, bone graft materials) using the paired t-test were examined. We observed $2.86{\pm}1,87mm$ of bone fill, $065{\pm}0.79mm$ of crestal resorption, $3.49{\pm}2.11mm$ of defect resolution, and $44.42{\pm}19.51%$ of percentage of defect resolution. Mandible, deeper initial defect depth, narrower initial defect angle showed greater bone fill, defect resolution, and % of defect resolution. But no difference was observed between xenograft and allograft. Outcome of GTR as a therapy of intrabony defect was better than other therapy, but herein, good oral hygiene maintenance as a anti-infective treatment and periodic recall check of patients are essential.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2015

Until recently, the three conventional evaluation methods, which are instrumental (Chromameter$^{(R)}$ CR-400 and Mexameter$^{(R)}$ M18) and visual assessments have been used frequently for skin color evaluation. However, we took notice the potential of image analysis as a new tool to evaluate color change of skin. To reveal the reliability of the image analysis for the evaluation of whitening agents, 34 healthy female volunteers with hyperpigmentation were recruited, and the selected volunteers applied the whitening products containing Vitamin C twice a day in the morning and evening and received iontophoresis treatments once a week for 8 weeks. The changes in hyperpigmentation evaluated by Chromameter$^{(R)}$, Mexameter$^{(R)}$ and visual assessment were compared with the results from the image analysis. As with $L^*$ value trends of the analysis using Chromameter$^{(R)}$, the V value from the image analysis increased after applying the test products compared with baseline values. Furthermore, V value showed a positive correlation with $L^*$ value (r = 0.494, p < 0.01) and negative correlation with MI (r = - 0.683, p < 0.01) and VG (r = - 0.549, p < 0.01). Therefore, image analysis may be considered as an effective method to complement the limitations of visual assessment for whitening efficacy in Asians.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1472-1476
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• 2007

This study was performed to observe changes of the intraocular pressure following cranial cervical ganglion block with the four different concentrations of lidocaine in beagle dogs with the normal intraocular pressure. We performed by the crossover test in ten beagle dogs divided into four groups, which were 2%, 1%, 0.5% and 0.25% lidocaine group. All experimental dogs received each four times cranial cervical ganglion block using 2 ml of lidocaine with the four different concentrations. The blocks were separately done at a week intervals in random order. Horner#s syndrome was observed in all groups. The intraocular pressure in the blocked side was significantly increased to 5 min in the 1% lidocaine group compared to the baseline (p<0.05). The intraocular pressure of 2% and 1% lidocaine groups were decreased between 25 and 45 min following cranial cervical ganglion block, while those of 0.5% and 0.25% lidocaine groups were unchanged. In conclusion, these results suggest that cranial cervical ganglion block affect on the change of intraocular pressure and 0.5% and 0.25% lidocaine are inadequate concentrations for the change of intraocular pressure in the dog with normal intraocular pressure.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1034-1038
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• 2007

To examine the difference of health-related quality of life (QoL) of obese patients between before and after treatment of Korean traditional medicine. This study was assessed in 18 obese-women (age 29.72${\pm}$7.38) treated by acupuncture and herbal medicine using SF-36 quality of life questionnaire between January and July 2006, a 36 item instrument yielding 8 dimensions (Social functioning, Role limitation-Physical, Role limitation-Emotion, Mental health, Vitality, Bodily pain, and General health) and a total score. Their weight was measured by Inbody 3.0 (Biospace co. Korea). QoL and body composition was assessed twice at baseline (B) and 4 weeks after treatment. Auricular acupuncture and electrical needle stimulation to abdomen, thigh, and arm fat was used twice a week and complex herb formula was prescribed according to their constitution and symptoms for 4 weeks. Herb medication was taken 2 times a day. Respective variables were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed ranks test and the level set for statistical significance was p <0.05. The mean of the body weight (P=0.000;B64,68${\pm}$6.86, 4 WKs 60.47${\pm}$5.69), fat percentage (P=0.000;B33.14${\pm}$4.86, 4 WKs 30.16${\pm}$5.34), body mass index (P=0.000;B25.18${\pm}$2.44, 4 WKs 23.46${\pm}$2.09) and fat weight (P=0.000;B21.66${\pm}$5.06, 4 WKs 18.41${\pm}$4.57) of some obese patients decreased significantly between before and after treatment for 4 weeks. Physical functioning (P=0.48;B27.06${\pm}$3.17, 4 WKs 28.00${\pm}$1.71), Mental health (P=0.01 ;B18.83${\pm}$5.25, 4 WKs 22.00${\pm}$3.73), Vitality (P=0.028;B13.89${\pm}$3.03, 4 WKs 15.44${\pm}$2.53), Bodily pain (P=.0014;B8.84${\pm}$1.75, 4 WKs 10.15${\pm}$1.78), and the total scores (P=0.001;B104.99${\pm}$12.60, 4 WKs 114.58${\pm}$11.11) of SF-36 were increased significantly after treatments. These data show some differences in QoL and BMI between before and after treatment on obesity and suggest that the treatment with acupuncture and herbal medicine have a positive impact on several domains of QoL of some obese patients. Further randomized clinical trials (RCTs) including follow-up are needed to examine whether acupuncture and herb medicine have a positive effect on QoL of treatment group compared with control group.