• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.71-79
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• 2019

Purpose: The manoeuvring space at doors must be secured for users of walking aids, wheelchair users, stroller users, luggage carriers, etc., so clear criteria must be established. The korean standards for the manoeuvring space at doors need to be improved to present clear criteria depending on the type of entrance and the direction of opening and closing. Method: Korean standard, International Standard(ISO 21542, 2011), German Standard(DIN 18040-1, 2010), Austrian Standard(OENORM B 1600, 2017) and Swiss Standard(Norm SIA 500, 2009) were investigated and analyzed. A comprehensive improvement of the criteria for the manoeuvring space at doors is proposed. Results: The manoeuvring space at doors, which is essential for the disabled to use the door, shall be installed with a comprehensive consideration of the width of doors, the Circulation space, the direction of access, and the method of opening and closing of the door. Korean standards, such as the width of doors, the Circulation space, and the manoeuvring space at doors, are different from international and international standards, which require improvement of standards. The criteria for the manoeuvring space at doors shall be clearly improved so as not to be misinterpreted during the installation of doors and the BF-certification. Implication: The criteria for the installation of doors shall be presented as a comprehensive alternative through continued study of details. In addition, improvements in standards that reflect changes in international standards should be made.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.37-44
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• 2023

As a basic study to analyze the relative importance of external space in urban development projects, this study selects evaluation indicators for external space planning and then analyzes systematic external space planning through expert surveys. The scope of the study is to examine the criteria of evaluation items for external space derived from existing studies and to suggest the importance and priority of evaluation items. As a research method, we reviewed the legal and research literature on landscape planning and external space-related guidelines, and conducted a primary review of external space planning evaluation items analyzed by questionnaire. The reviewed items were again reviewed and selected through expert group discussions (FGI). The selected evaluation items were surveyed by expert groups and analyzed in depth using the hierarchical analysis method (AHP). Looking at the relative importance of the calculated sub-items, among the 17 sub-items, 'planning open space' (.096) is the largest, followed by 'pedestrianization' (.082), 'linking with adjacent buildings, streets, parks, and green areas' (.077), 'securing public space through various planning techniques such as linking with pedestrian paths' (.066), 'Plan the placement, form, and scale of buildings in consideration of the identity of the destination' (.065), 'Plan buildings, streets, parks, and green spaces in an integrated and holistic manner' (.065), 'Harmonize with the surrounding environment (landscape)' (.063), 'Harmonize with surrounding buildings and apply landscape planning in urban planning' (.063), 'Entrances and lower floors of buildings are planned as parks for users and pedestrians' (.060), 'Preserve and expand green areas and establish maintenance plans for urban greening' (.054), 'Form the basis for a comfortable life for urban residents by providing long-term development directions' (.047), 'Activate community activities and plan pedestrian environments and streetscapes considering human scale' (.047), 'Establish and propose basic directions for urban greening' (.046), 'Plan buildings, streets, parks, and green areas considering the hierarchy and characteristics of the landscape structure' (.045), 'Plan for integrated land use' (.045), 'Create green axes in connection without cutting them due to development activities' (.044), and 'Apply barrier free design' (.034).

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.65-76
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• 2018

Due to the rapid demographic and structural changes, Korea has faced a variety of social issues and quickly entered the aged society since the 2000s. In order deal with this reality, diverse types of welfare policies are emerging in the society as a whole. The government began to supply domestic public silver housing in 2016 to provide against the quickly growing aged society and now, the government is planning to supply approximately 50,000 housing by 2022 for quantitative growth of aged society, by selecting 1st and 2nd designated areas for the project additionally. This public retirement(silver) housing combines 'space' with 'service'. The lower floors are a public silver welfare Facilities and the upper floors are a housing spaces. This type of housing is to deal with requirements of rental housing residents by combining physical space with supporting service. Based on barrier-free design, the complex and unit house have safety handles and alarm bells in the bathroom, undulating washstands, bathroom sliding doors, corridor safety handles, and emergency safety exit lamps in each housing unit so the aged and the disabled can use easily and conveniently. Also, hand rails are installed and stepped pulleys are removed to promote convenience. Currently, the government is planning to increase the supply, focusing on low-income groups, such as beneficiaries of national basic livelihood and the working poor. Recognizing that the public retirement(silver) housing project is at its early stage, this study examined satisfaction, based on evaluations of real residents. This study aimed to obtain more empirical research data and apply them to public retirement(silver) house space analysis. For analysis, this study targeted Wirye public retirement(silver) housing and Magnolia public retirement(silver) housing that are in operation, and literature review, previous research review, and field survey were conducted to examine the present state. Using the questionnaires consisting of four large classification items; Block Layout, Housing Unit, Welfare Facilities, and Barrier-free Design, and sub-details, a survey was conducted to analyze residents' satisfaction. In conclusion, it is anticipated that this study would serve as basic research data about public retirement(silver) housing to increase continuously in future by analyzing public retirement(silver) housing spaces, on the basis of the analyzed data.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.290-301
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• 2019

Paeonol has neuroprotective function, which could be useful for improving central nervous system disorder. The purpose of this study was to characterize the functional mechanism involved in brain transport of paeonol through blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain transport of paeonol was characterized by internal carotid artery perfusion (ICAP), carotid artery single injection technique (brain uptake index, BUI) and intravenous (IV) injection technique in vivo. The transport mechanism of paeonol was examined using conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cell line (TR-BBB) as an in vitro model of BBB. Brain volume of distribution (VD) of [$^3H$]paeonol in rat brain was about 6-fold higher than that of [$^{14}C$]sucrose, the vascular space marker of BBB. The uptake of [$^3H$]paeonol was concentration-dependent. Brain volume of distribution of paeonol and BUI as in vivo and inhibition of analog as in vitro studies presented significant reduction effect in the presence of unlabeled lipophilic compounds such as paeonol, imperatorin, diphenhydramine, pyrilamine, tramadol and ALC during the uptake of [$^3H$]paeonol. In addition, the uptake significantly decreased and increased at the acidic and alkaline pH in both extracellular and intracellular study, respectively. In the presence of metabolic inhibitor, the uptake reduced significantly but not affected by sodium free or membrane potential disruption. Similarly, paeonol uptake was not affected on OCTN2 or rPMAT siRNA transfection BBB cells. Interestingly. Paeonol is actively transported from the blood to brain across the BBB by a carrier mediated transporter system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.13-20
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• 2010

Seattle Public School Authority implements Inclusive Education which allows handicapped children to study in ordinary schools. This research is to analyze Inclusive Education system and find characteristics of school network and school planning. Survey was performed on 9 school districts and 54 public schools. The found results are following; 1) 54 schools adopt special education programs and legal barrier free design. All handicapped children groups are divided into level I through Ⅳ including mild level (level I,II) at all schools and multi-handicapped(severe level, level III, IV) at schools specified by school district or Seattle City. 2) Each school groups are transformed into self-contained classroom, therapy room and general room as a set in consideration of user communication and special education program. Also, existing classrooms are rearranged into small study spaces by using partition system. It allows ordinary schools to accomodate Inclusive Education through school network, classroom rearrangement and space partitioning.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.37-46
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• 2007

The rehabilitation facilities for disabled people keeps going to grow with social changes that disabled people are dramatically increasing. This paper try to provide basic concept of the architectural planning for the disabled rehabilitation facilities. To accomplish this purpose this study has analyzed the behavior pattern of user with disabilities. This study has introduced the problem of using space in the rehabilitation and welfare facilities for the disabled and the architectural concept for resolve it. The architectural planning concept appears by barrier-free accessibility, safety for mobility and use, amenity integrated the spatial cognition and flexible structural system.

• Advances in materials Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.115-128
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• 2012

The structural and electrical properties of $(1-x)Ba(Sm_{1/2}Nb_{1/2})O_3-xBaTiO_3$; ($0{\leq}x{\leq}1$) ceramics were prepared by conventional ceramic technique at $1375^{\circ}C$/7 h in air atmosphere. The crystal symmetry, space group and unit cell dimensions were derived from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data using FullProf software whereas crystallite size and lattice strain were estimated from Williamson-Hall approach. XRD analysis of the compound indicated the formation of a single-phase cubic structure with the space group Pm m. Dielectric study revealed that the compound $0.75Ba(Sm_{1/2}Nb_{1/2})O_3-0.25BaTiO_3$ is having low and ${\varepsilon}^{\prime}$ and ${\varepsilon}^{{\prime}{\prime}}$ a low $T_{CC}$ (< 5%) in the working temperature range (up to+$100^{\circ}C$) which makes this composition suitable for capacitor application and may be designated as 'Stable Low-K' Class I material as per the specifications of the Electronic Industries Association. The correlated barrier hopping model was employed to successfully explain the mechanism of charge transport in the system. The ac conductivity data were used to evaluate the density of states at Fermi level, minimum hopping length and apparent activation energy of the compounds.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

As the elderly population increases, concerns for the elderly's welfare become greater both quantitatively and qualitatively. In order to give a chance for the elderly to live in familiar dwelling and regional context to which they are accustomed, and to participate in their society actively, it is of great importance that suitable living spaces must be provided for the elderly. The practical ways of providing people with good living environment and its easy maintenance for healthy and valuable lives were discussed in this paper. This research is designed to propose pertinent policies related to social issues concerning the elderly. 137 seniors over 60 living in Gwanaju city were sampled and surveyed. The scope of planning for the elderly's lifestyle and welfare is divided into two parts, one is planning of space for the realization of stable and spacious dwellings and another is urban environment planning capable of supporting healthy and affluent lifestyles. Also, the realization of stable housing, the construction of urban structure for a healthy life, and the provision of barrier-free living conditions are investigated. For increasing the degree of stabilization and improvement for the elderly's life, self-governing bodies should grasp the demands of living condition and spatial requirements by taking the lifestyles of the elderly into account in urban or regional levels. Then, a master plan including development, improvement, execution, and maintenance of proper housing facilities and urban environments should be made for the best results.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.12-27
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• 2008

The purpose of this plan was to introduce the imaginary environment concept to modem environment design which was drawn by comparison of historic and cultural landscape. An area of $19,056m^2$ in I1-ja mountain water reservoir, located in 94 Dun-Chon-Dong, Gangdong-Gu, Seoul was selected for this planning. The concepts of Barrier-Free Design and Universal Design were introduced in order to accept the demands of various social classes. Based on the results of natural and cultural environment, Animism, Heaven, Earth and Man Theory and Yin-Yang and the Five Elements Theory these concepts were introduced for the philosophical background. Concept planning, topic selection, space planning and axis establishment were conducted during the framework step of the plan. Circulation planning, planting planning, facility and pavement planning, and light planning were conducted during the initial planning step. Lastly, detailed designing was performed for the major spaces. In addition, the imaginary environment concept was applied, ranging from the structural aspect of the space to designing factors of the facility in order to achieve placeness and practicality. In conclusion, this may be the first case design applying the imaginary environment concept to the environmental design with natural environment factors such as animals, plants, terrains and climate, and cultural such as cities, places, time, thoughts and symbols which are all factors to be considered in the existing environment design.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide logical basis on enlargement of toilet floor space for the disabled by "ACT ON GUARANTEE OF PROMOTION OF CONVENIENCE OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, THE AGED, PREGNANT WOMEN. ETC" Revised Enforcement regulation [Asterisk 1] (2018.2.10.) and to help with making plans, designs and establishing policies by conducting experimental study with the enhanced floor area regulations. Methods: We conduct Experimental study, field work and interview for this paper. In experimental study, verification of the effective floor area was proceeded by measuring activity space for people in manual wheelchair, electric wheel chair and electric scooter and also reviewed useable area with the space expanded 0.2m both width and depth. In filed work, conducted an observation what other things (ex. sanitary equipment, hand rail and so on) can also affect the active space as well as effective floor space. In the interview, other problems and requirements that were not revealed were experimental study and observation of field work. Results : it's expected to provide better access to toilets for the disabled with the law revision of effective floor area. But, with the usage increasement of enlarged wheel chair and electric wheel chair, expanding side areas of toilet is also highly likely to be required going forward. Implications : Additional research is required on locations of exists and internal arrangement that effect the usage of toilet. It should be led to Universal design by making additional investigation and verification of the users patterns.