• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.21 no.2 s.51
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• pp.87-94
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• 1982

The mymarids egg parasite of rice planthopper, Anagrus nr. flaveolus, were investigated to know their parasitic activities after overwitering in the paddy banks and barley fields, their host preferences and seasonal variations in the pesticide sprayed and unsprayed paddy fields of Gyeongnam province O.R.D. at Jinju from 1977 to 1979. The parasitic activities of Anagrus nr. flaveolus after overwintering in the paddy banks were high early in April and tended to decrease remarkably since mid-April by moving to the barley fields. The parasitic rate of Anagrus nr. flavelous was $47.2\~88\%$ between middle and late in April, the peak of egg deposition period. Anagrus nr. flaveolus parasitized Laodelphax striatellus, Nilaparvata lugens, and Sogatella furcifera, but didn't attack the eggs of Nephotettix cincticeps in the paddy fields. High preference was observed with Laodelphax steriatellus. The parasitic activities of Anagrus nr. flaveolus in the pesticide sprayed paddy fields were high in early July and from late August to early September. The parasitic rate in the pesticide unsprayed fields were higher than those of sprayed fields during the pesticide spraying period, from July to August and parasitic activities were active from October to before coming winter.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.522-527
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• 2004

Barley growing in paddy fields often suffers from wet-injury due to oxygen deficiency in rhizospere caused by excessive water in the soil. This study was conducted to investigate responsiveness of growth, development and anaerobic glycolysis enzymes to acute hypoxia in barley seedlings. Barley seedlings at the third leaf stage were subjected to hypoxia (1 ppm dissolved oxygen) by sparging the culture solution with nitrogen gas for up to seven days. Length and fresh weights of the shoot and root were affected little by hypoxia for up to 5 days. But root dry weight was slightly decreased by hypoxia for 7 days. In the root, alcohol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities increased drastically under hypoxia, reaching at their maximum levels in 3 to 5 days of hypoxia and decreasing slightly thereafter. However, the activities of both enzymes changed little in the shoot. Increases of their activities in the root were contributed by all the isozymes found in barley. These results suggest that barley seedlings first adapt to hypoxia by rapidly activating fermentative glycolysis to stabilize cellular pH and to increase energy production for the following morphological adaptative changes.

• Plant Resources
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of Soil borne wheat mosaic virus(SbWMV) in barley fields in Korea and to examine the host pathogenicity of SbWMV. By using the ELISA test, SbWMV was detected in the six regions : Suwon, Milyang, Jinju, Youngkwang, Iksan, and Chonju. SbWMV was isolated from the two strains, Albori strain from Jinju and Eunpamil strain from Milyang. SbWMV was collected from leaves showing mosaic, yellowing and necrosis stripes. SbWMV was inoculated mechanically on 1∼1.5 leaf stages with leaf-rubbing to identify the host pathogenicity of 36 Korean barley cultivars, a wheat cultivar, two rye cultivars, three Japanese barley cultivars and Chenopodium amaranticola. Viral sympoms of inoculated leaves appeared on moulted loaves about 4 to 6 weeks of inoculation. Baegdong and Tapgolbori, infected from Albori strain and Eunpamil strain infected from Samdobori showed much higher susceptibility than C. amaranticola and C. quinoa which showed ring spots and chlorotic spots respectively. Virus particles were observed by the electron microscope. They were rod-shapes, which are bipartite, of 142 nm or 281 nm in length with 20 nm diameter on infected leaves. Specific detection and identification of SbWMV was set up using the RT-PCR. PCR fragments of SbWMV(0.5kb) were obtained by using the designed primers for SbWMV RNA 2.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2005

The major symptom such as yellowish and mosaic spots in overwintering barley were mostly caused by viruses such as Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) in the nation-wide for four years. The result showed that more than $78\%$ collected samples were infected by the viruses. The incidence of Ba YMV was more than $70\%$, and relatively uniformly distributed in the southern regions of barley fields in Korea. However the incidence of BaYMV in Gyeonggi Province was as low as $19\%$ compared to $65\~85\%$ in the rest of regions. Occurrence of BaMMV varied depending on investigated regions such as $20\~40\%$ in Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gangwon and Gyeongnam, and a lower infection in Gyeongbuk, Chungnam and Gyeonggi Provinces. In this result, $60\%$ of BaMMV was found to be in the southwest regions of Korea such as Jeonbuk and Jeonnam Provinces. Over all, both BaYMV and BaMMV were thought to be dominantly casual agents in overwintering barley by either solely or mixed infections. Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus(SBWMV) occurred at most $14\%$ in Gyeonggi and Barley yellow dwarf virus-MAY (BYDV­MAV) was found only one place in Jeonbuk, suggesting that SBWMV and BYDV-MAV were not significant diseases in Korea. Exotic genetic resources that possess different resistant genes to BaYMV and BaMMV were tested to identify the responses to the viruses occurred in Iksan. According to the ELISA results, BaYMV and BaMMV were infected in some plant materials but SBWMV was not identified. Any resistant gene was not effective to BaYMV-Ik (Insan strain) and BaMMY. Ishukushirazu (rym 3) and Chosen (rym 3), Tokushima Mochi Hadaka (rym 4y) and Hakei 1-41 (rym 5a) showed resistant response with little symptoms to BaYMY. The other five accessions possessing rym 1+5, rym 2, rym 4m, rym 5 and rym 9, respectively, were resistant to BaMMV. Various symptoms were observed in the tested plant materials such as not only yellowish and mosaic symptoms mostly but also necrotic spot, tissue necrosis, leaf stripe and leaf curling. However, it was difficult to find any relationship between resistant genes and specific symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.61-70
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• 2023

In order to select high-quality winter cereal crops with high yield and to increase self-sufficiency rate of forage, their growth, yield, and feeding value of several cereal crops cultivated in winter were investigated in the paddy field of the southern region. Four wheat cultivars and green barley headed in early and mid-April, while oat and Italian ryegrass headed in early May. Fresh forage yields of wheats, green barley, and oat were significantly higher than that of Italian ryegrass, and dry forage yields of wheats and green barley were significantly higher than those of not only Italian ryegrass but also oat. In particular, the yield of a wheat cultivar 'Cheongwoo' was the highest. Mineral contents of wheat forages, even though low, were in the range 27.8~33.7mg·g^-1 DW suitable for feeding cattle and young female cows. Crude protein content of a wheat cultivar 'Cheongwoo' was high up to 7.6%, similarly to 7.0% requiring for feeding cattle. Feeding values such as total digestible nutrients (TDN) and relative feed value (RFV) of wheats and green barley were superior to those of oat and Italian ryegrass. In addition, dry matter rates of 4 wheat cultivars and green barley were in the range 30~40%, indicating that wheat cultivars and green barley could be used for various feeding purposes such as green or dried forage, and silage. Based on these results, wheat cultivars including 'Cheongwoo' and green barley could be encouraged to be cultivated in paddy fields, as high-quality winter forage crops with high yield.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.219-224
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Soil bacteria play important roles in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling during the non-growing season. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of soil management and chemical properties on the utilization of carbon sources by soil bacteria in paddy fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Biolog EcoPlate was used for analyzing community-level carbon substrate utilization profiles of soil bacteria. Soils were collected from the following three types of areas: plain, interface and mountain areas, which were tested to investigate the topology effect. The results of canonical correspondence analysis and Kendall rank correlation analysis showed that soil C/N ratio and NH₄⁺ influenced utilization of carbon sources by bacteria. The utilization of carbohydrates and complex carbon sources were positively correlated with NH₄⁺ concentration. Cultivated paddy fields were compared with adjacent abandoned fields to investigate the impact of cultivation cessation. The level of utilization of putrescine was lower in abandoned fields than in cultivated fields. Monoculture fields were compared with double cropping fields cultivated with barley to investigate the impact of winter crop cultivation. Cropping system altered bacterial use of carbon sources, as reflected by the enhanced utilization of 2-hydroxy benzoic acid under monoculture conditions. CONCLUSION: These results show that soil use intensity and topological characteristics have a minimal impact on soil bacterial functioning in relation to carbon substrate utilization. Moreover, soil chemical properties were found to be important factors determining the physiological profile of the soil bacterial community in paddy fields.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.262-268
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• 2014

This study was conducted to provide basic information for weed control by surveying the occurrence of weed species. Surveys of weed species occurred in food crop (barley, maize, potato, soybean) fields were conducted in Chungnam province from April to September in 2014. Total 321 sites of food crop fields in 17 City / Gun in Chungnam province were investigated. From the result of this survey, 130 weed species in 36 families were identified and classified to 77 annuals, 27 biennials and 26 perennials. Based on the occurrence ratio, the most dominant weed species in Chungnam province food crop fields were Digitaria ciliaris (10.19%), followed by Conyza canadensis (7.82%), Portulaca oleracea (5.22%), Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum (5.21%), Capsella bursa-pastoris (3.47%) and Alopecurus aequalis (3.47%). Forty-four exotic weed species were identified. This information could be useful for estimation of future weed occurrence, weed population dynamics and establishment of weed control methods in food crop fields of Chungnam province.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 2008

This trial was conducted to assess effects of cattle slurry application on productivity and feed values of barley and hairy vetch when they were influenced by single or mixed-sowed cultivation in paddy fields, and to obtain good quality of organic forage resources. The results summarized are as follows. For barley and hairy vetch, single-sowed cultivation was lower in annual dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields than mixed-sowed (P<0.05). Although crude protein (CP) contents for the barley within single-sowed treatments were lowest as 6.5%, those of hairy vetch within the same sowed method were highest as 16.7%. However, mixed-sowed cultivation with barley and hairy vetch, showing 13.8% CP content, was significantly (P<0.05) higher than CP and relative feed value (RFV) of barley alone treatment. For barley alone treatment, cattle slurry application significantly increased annual DM and TDN yields in comparison with treatments of P+K fertilization as chemical fertilizers and no fertilizer as controls. Results from cattle slurry application showed 84% and 82% in contrast with chemical fertilizer for annual DM and TDN yields, respectively. For mixed-sowed cultivation with barley and hairy vetch, cattle slurry application showed 90% and 94% annual DM and TDN yields, respectively as compared with N+P+K fertilization as chemical fertilizers. Crude protein contents ($14.2{\sim}15.9%$) for cattle slurry application treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of other treatments. Moreover, cattle slurry application treatment had the highest TDN and RFV among treatments, showing $60.7{\sim}61.8%$ and $112.2{\sim}118.1$, respectively. For hairy vetch alone treatments, annual DM and TDN yields of cattle slurry alone application treatment were highest among fertilization treatments. Furthermore, CP, TDN and RFV of cattle slurry alone application treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of other treatments. The results showed that mixed-sowed cultivation rather than single-sowed for barley or hairy vetch improved their nutritive value and quality, and also within mixed-sowed cultivation, cattle slurry application increased production yield per ha and CP contents. In the application of above system to organic livestock farming, it would be expected that forages produced by cattle slurry application under mixed-sowed method might become a substitute for foreign organic grain as protein sources.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.477-482
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• 2006

Viral diseases, especially Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mud mosaic virus (BaMMV), have been most serious in barley fields. In this study, we investigated the effect of different level of resistance to viral diseases on the plant growth and yield in barley. Various viral disease symptoms on leaves of overwintered plants were similar between medial-resistant and susceptible varieties of Saessalbori and Baegdong. In diagnosis of virus infection, BaYMV and BaMMV were detected in Saessalbori and Baegdong, but not in the resistant variety, Naehanssalbori. Plant height was restrained about $11{\sim}12cm$ prior to heading in Saessalbori and Baegdong comparing to Naehanssalbori. Even if both varieties were medial resistant to virus diseases, Saessalbori was different from Baegdong in heading date and culm length due to its recovery from viral damages prior to heading. Both medial-resistant and susceptible varieties were quite different from the resistant variety in yield components such as heading date, number of spikes and culm length when evaluated in the virus-infected or non-infected field. Baegdong delayed 7 days in heading date and reduced by more than 50% in culm length and spike numbers as compared to Naehanssalbori. On the other hand, Saessalbori showed similar heading date, but was shorter by 20% in culm length than Naehanssalbori. Three varieties tested in the non-infected field over two years were not significantly different for yield potential with ranges of $340{\sim}405kg/10a$. However, significant yield reduction (P<0.01) was observed in Saessalbori and Baegdong with ranges of $108{\sim}288kg/10a$ as compared to Naehanssalbori (391 kg/10a) when tested in the virus-infected field. Yield potentials of Saessalbori and Baegdong reduced by 35 and 63%, respectively in the virus-infected field as compared to those in the non-infected field. Our results showed that damages from virus diseases were significant on the early plant growth to yield and its components in barley.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.335-340
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• 2016

Soil organic carbon plays an important role on soil physico-chemical properties and crop yields in paddy soil. However, there is little information on the soil organic carbon under different forage cultivation during winter season in rice paddy. In this study, we investigated the soil organic carbon and physico-chemical properties in 87 fields of paddy soil cultivated with Barley, rye, and Italian ryegrass (IRG) as animal feedstock during winter season. Organic carbon was 12.9, 14.3, and $16.9g\;C\;kg^{-1}$ in soil with barley, rye, and IRG cultivation, respectively. Among rice-forage cultivation systems, the rice+IRG cropping system was 19.5% higher than in the mono-rice cultivation. Bulk density ranged from 1.17 to $1.28g\;cm^{-3}$ irrespective of cropping systems, and had strongly negative correlation with the soil organic carbon in the rice+IRG cropping system. Carbon storage in rice+IRG cropping systems was average $29.6Mg\;ha^{-1}$ at 15 cm of soil depth, which was 20.4 and 10.3% higher than those of barley and rye cultivation. Increasing carbon storage in paddy soil contributed to the fertility for following rice cultivation. This results indicated that IRG cultivation during winter season could be an alternative and promising way to enhance soil organic carbon content and fertility of paddy soil.