• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.418-424
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• 2015

The content of ${\beta}$-carotene in agricultural foods, such as seasonings, tea, vegetables, cereals, nuts & seeds, oils & fats, and fruits, were quantitatively analyzed using reversed-phase HPLC with an UV/visible detector. Standard reference material (SRM) 2385 was used as a control material to validate measurement of ${\beta}$-carotene in this study. Recovery percentage and relative standard deviation of ${\beta}$-carotene in SRM 2385 were 102% and 1.73%, respectively. Vegetables and tea contained relatively high concentrations of ${\beta}$-carotene (young barley powder, $17,293.95{\mu}g/100g$; raw young barley, $2,755.15{\mu}g/100g$; dried green tea leaves, $13,671.85{\mu}g/100g$; green tea powder, $7,579.04{\mu}g/100g$). Contents of ${\beta}$-carotene in nuts & seeds as well as oils & fats ranged from $11.32{\mu}g/100g$ in almond products (roasted with salt) to $58.56{\mu}g/100g$ in perilla seed oil. Among 20 fruits, a high content of ${\beta}$-carotene was found in apricots (raw), which contained $2,280.35{\mu}g/100g$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.2
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• pp.3-9
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• 1964

Root tips of wheat, soybean, cotton and barley were treated with cold temperature (12 or 24 hrs in $0^{\circ}C$ or 2$^{\circ}C$), 8-Hyd.exyquinolin (2 or 10 hrs in 0.03 or 0.1%) and colcllicine (2 or 10 hrs in 0.2 or 1, 0%), and the frequency of metaphase were observed. The results were summarized as follow; 1. Chilling the seminal roots before or after sooting from the seed significantly increased tile number of mitotic cells and the rate of metaphase cells to mitotic cells. The optimal duration of chilling seemed to be differ depending on the kinds of plant and 24 hours to be too long except wheat so far examined here. 9. 8-Hydroxyquinolin treatment, about 2 hours in 0.03%, increased the rate of metaphase cells. The higher concentration and the longer treatment of this chemical caused the lower frequency of mitotic cells generally. 3. Colchicine treatment, 2 to 10 hrs in 0.2 to 1.0%, increased the frequency of mitotic cells and the rate of metaphase cells. Colchicine treatment was same or superior than any other treatments on the increase of metaphase cells. 4. All the treatments examined here caused chromosome contraction with most serious in colchicine following by 8-Hydroxyquinolin and chilling. 5. The feasibility of general application of chilling under the check of proper temperature and proper duration depending on the kinds of crops were discussed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 1984

The milling property of ti different Australian Wheat varieties (Australian Prime Hard (APH), Australian Hard (AH), Western Australian Wheat (WAW), South Australian Wheat (SAW), Australian Standard White (ASW) and Australian Soft Wheat (SW) was investigated by using $B{\ddot{u}}hler$ test mill. The flour characteristics were evaluated by farinograph, mixograph, amylograph, sedimentation and pelshenke tests. The milling race of Australian wheats varied from 59% to 66%, and that of Suwon 219 (Korean variety) was 65.5%. The milling rate was significantly related to the seed weight but less extent to the bulk density of grain. The flours obtained from the wheat varieties exhibited distinctly different chemical compositions and dough properties. The protein content of the flour varied from 14.47% (APH) to 6.59 % (SW). The gluten forming ability of APH and AH was very high, but very low with ASW and Sw. On the other hand, ASw and WAW showed very high gelatinized viscosity, while SAW marked exceptionally low viscosity.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.191-204
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• 2006

This study was conducted to identify the effect of planting date and cultivation method on soybean growth and yield in paddy field. The plant height of soybeans in single cropping(SC) was higher than those in cultivating after barley culture (CB). Considering planting date and cultivation method, plant height tend to be higher in SC with level row cultivation(LR) and in CB with high ridge cultivation(HR). In this SC method, nodule formation in LR was better than in HR, but number of nodules of cv. Hwangkeumkong was highest, regardless of planting date and cultivation method. In the progress of growth stage, leaf areas of all cultivars were distinctively increased in CB than in SC. However, dry weight of top plants and roots in SC was comparably higher than that in CB due to growing periods of the soybeans. In cultivation methods, general type of dry weight of top plants was higher in LR than in HR, however, root dry weight was via verses. Growth responses varied depending on cultivars, cultivation methods, and planting date and these factors affected to shoot root (T/R) ratio. The T/R ratios in LR and SC were higher than those in HR and CB. In R8 stage, number of pods and ripened seed varied depending on cultivars. cv. Hwaeomputkong, which showed early maturing trait, was lowest. However, both yield factors tended to be higher in HR and CB than in LR and SC. The ratios of ripened seeds percentage of cv. Hwangkeumkong and cv. Eunhakong were higher in CB than in SC. However, yields of cv. Daewonkon and cv. Taekwangkong were higher in CB than in SC.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.3 s.93
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• pp.314-336
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• 2006

In this treatise, we investigated the Korean literature of main dishes before the 17th century : ${\ulcorner}Sangayorock{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Sasichanyocho{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Soowonjabbang{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Yongjechongwha{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Dongyoebogam{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Domoondaejak{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Geebongyouseul{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}New-Guwhangchalyo{\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}Eumshickdimibang{\lrcorner}$,, ${\ulcorner}joobangmoon{\lrcorner}$, and ${\ulcorner}Yorock{\lrcorner}$. Main dishes were classified 19 kinds of rice, 64 kinds of gruel, 6 kinds of thin gruel, 1 kind of Moori, 1 kind of rice-cake soup, 37 kinds of noodles and 20 kinds of dumpling. Rice varieties were brown rice, rice, hulled rice, millet rice, foxtail millet rice, barley rice, sesame rice and flax seed rice. Gruel ingredients were cereal, beans, vegetables, nuts or seeds, medical plants or hardy wild plants, poultry, pork's kidney, dog's liver or oyster, clam and/or milk Rice-cake soup was 'Tangbyun' in ${\ulcorner}Domoondaejak{\lrcorner}$. Noodles were divided by main flours: wheat flour, buckwheat flour, mung bean flour and other flours. Noodles were made by pressing or cutting method. Pressing method used a mold with a hole. The husk of dumpling was made by wheat flour, buckwheat flour, mixed flour of wheat and buckwheat, sliced fish or meat, and/or a gray mullet. Another special method was 'Sangwha' made by fermentation. Bun stuffing of dumpling used fishes, meat, vegetables, beans, flours and seasonings. Cooking methods of dumpling were boiling, baking, steaming and pan-frying. From this investigation of the Korean main dishes described in the Korean literature before the 17th century, we expect to develop useful recipes for those who are concerned about health and want longevity, and thereby to advance the Korean food culture.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.833-843
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of hygiene education on the microbiological changes of processing utensils and the environmental in the manufacture of cereals and to evaluate the Cd, Pb contents and nutrient compositions of 11 cereals. The result of microbiological evaluation was that fungi, coliforms and staphylococcus species were detected in employees, on equipment, utensils and environments in the first inspection. Fungi were detected in most of the cereals, staphylococcus species were detected in soybeans, perilla seeds and sea tangle How, and bacillus cereus was detected in sorghum and black sesame seeds. The water content of rice, barley, glutinous rice, brown rice and carrot flour in packaged products, and in carrot flour, angelica keiskei, carrot, sea mustard and potato in bulk products was in excess of 8.0%. The Pb content of cereals was 0.14-0.51 mg/kg and Cd was not found. The acid value of Job s tears flour and black sesame seed flour was higher than 5.0 mg/g oil. Cereals were manufactured from 41 different cereals and grains, legumes, seeds and nuts, vegetables, potatoes, seaweeds, fruits, glucose and salt. The average content of cereals and grains, legumes, and seeds and nuts in cereals was 75.75%, 16.19% and 4.93%, respectively. The mean nutrient content per 100 g of cereals was calories 365.8kcal, protein 13.3 g, fats 5.9 g, carbohydrates 63.4 g, Ca 91.8 mg, p 269.9 mg, Fe 3.15 mg, Na 76.2 g, K 421.8 mg, Zn 2.33 mg, Vit. A 12.5 R.E., Vit. B$_1$0.23 mg, Vit. $B_2$ 0.16 mg, Vit. $B_6$ 0.46 mg, Niacin 3.5 mg, Vit. C 1.36 mg, folic acid 62.3 $\mu$g and Vit. E 1.24 mg. When nutrients value of 48 g of cereals and 200 $m\ell$l of milk was compared to 1/3 of the RDA, the values were below than 60% of 1/3 of the RDA except Na, K, Vitamin $B_1$ and C contents. The average carbohydrate : protein : fat ratio of energy intake was 54.27 : 17.45 : 28.28, respectively. Therefore, a training program consisting of the education of the staff in surveillance and standard operating procedures, the elimination of dangerous procedures, sanitation checklist, the implementation of Preparation methods and standard recipes for cereals is required.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to analyse the regional variation of tenancy system in later Yi-Dynasty in Korea. Materials for the analysis are acquired through materials(韓國土地農産調査報告), published in 1905 and agricultural census published in 1912. For the identification of difference of tenancy system between agricultural region, regionalization are conducted through by crop combination. Crop combination structure, using rank of LQ index, was clustered into five generic lesions through cluster analysis. In these contexts, this study has come to following conclusions. There are three types of tenancy system in materials; (1) Doji(賭地) system of which landrent was 1/3 agricultural products. Tenant healed the land tax and seeds. (2) Byoengjak(竝作) system of which landrent was 1/2 agricultural products. Landlords healed the land tax and seeds (3) Jeongaek(定額法) system of which landrent was fixed without relation to annual products. But through the analysis of relationship between agricultural region and tenancy system, a new tenancy system could be identified : Byeongjak(竝作) II system. In this system, landrent was 1/2 of agricultural products, but landlord and tenant shared the landtax and seed in common. In the distribution of these systems, relationship between tenancy system and agricultural regions could be identified. Doji system was distributed in the regions where rice and double cropping was specialized. But Byoeongjak(竝作) system was distributed in the regions where upland crops are specialized and ratio of Paddy field is comparatively low. Especially new types were emenged where ratio of paddy field was very low. These show that increase of productivity of land didn't induce the development of the right of ownership in land. The development of ownership was emerged only on the rice paddy fields. Barley cultivated through double-cropping passed into tenant's possessions. So nominal landrent in paddy field seemed to be raised, but actual landrent was maintained about 1/3 of Products through double cropping. On the contrary, rights of cultivation is developed through double cropping. As double cropping is developed, competition on paddy field between tenants was intensified. Consequently nominal land rent of Paddy fields should be raised.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.99-99
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• 2018

본 연구는 4종의 산야초 추출물(개느삼, 엄나무, 참취, 60가지 산야초혼합 - 모두 원 식물재료를 설탕과 혼합하여 추출한 발효추출물을 15년 숙성시킨 원액의 3% 수용액으로 처리)과 8종의 허브 정유(베르가모트, 클라리세이지, 휀넬, 제라니움, 마조람, 타임, 로즈우드, 스페어민트 원액의 0.3% 농도로 처리) 및 2종의 호르몬(지베렐린, 카이네틴, 0.3%)을 2종의 보리종자(1998년산 새올보리, 2016년산 찰쌀보리) 발아율 향상에 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고자 수행하였다. 특히 새올보리 묵은 종자의 발아력 증진에 효과가 있는지 알아볼 목적으로 수행하였다. 묵은 종자 새올보리의 무처리구에서 8%와 43%의 낮은 발아세와 발아율을 보인 반면, 산야초 추출물 처리구에서 84~93%와 86~100%의 높은 발아세와 발아율을 보였다. 호르몬처리구는 새올보리에서 발아세와 발아율은 각각 43~87%와 55~95%였다. 또한, 찰쌀보리의 경우 무처리의 발아세와 발아율은 각각 54%와 91%였다. 반면, 산야초 추출물 처리구에서 92~100%의 발아세와 95~100%의 높은 발아율을 보였고, 호르몬 처리구에서는 각각 77~85%와 87%의 발아세와 발아율을 보였다. 무처리(증류수)와 2종의 호르몬 및 8종의 허브 정유에 비해 산야초 추출물의 발아 증진 효과가 현저하게 높았다. 특히 냉장고($4^{\circ}C$)에서 20년 보관한 묵은 보리종자에 대해서도 유의한 발아율 향상을 보였다. 정유는 대체로 발아를 억제하는 것으로 나타나 잡초 종자에 대한 발아억제(제초제 대용) 가능성을 시사한다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.26 no.4 s.73
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• pp.229-237
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• 1987

In order to study the biological control of soil-borne disease of sesame, antagonistic isolates of Trichoderma , Bacillus sand streptomyces to Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of sesame plants and some other habitats. Out of the isolates of microorganisms collected a strain of Trichoderma viride was selected as a biological control agent for the study and its effect on the control of damping-off and the seedling growth of sesame was investigated. The results obtained are as follows: 26 percents of Bacillus spp. isolated from the rhizosphere soil of sesame plants showed antagonism to two pathogenic fungi. Important species were B. Subtilis and B. polymyxa. Streptomyces species isolated from the rhizosphere soils of sesame lysed the cell wall of hyphae and conidia of F. oxysporum and reduced conspicuously the formation of macroconidia and chlamydospores of the fungus. 84 percents of Trichoderma spp. isolated from the rhizosphere soil of sesame plants were antagonistic to F. oxysporum and 60 percents of the isolates were antagonistic to both F. oxysporum and R. solani. Trichoderma viride TV-192 selected from antagonistic isolates of Trichoderma spp. was highly antagonistic to F. oxysporum and soil treatment with the isolate reduced notably damping-off of sesame. T. viride TV-192 showed better growth in crushed rice straw, barley straw and sawdust media than F. oxysporum. Sawdust was selective for the growth of T. viride. Supplementation of wheat bran and mixtures of wheat bran and sawdust inoculated with T. viride TV-192 in the soil reduced remarkably damping-off of sesame by F. oxysporum but high density of the fungus TV-192 caused the inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of sesame. Inhibitory effects of Trichoderma species on seed germination and seedling growth of sesame were different according to the isolates of the fungus. Normal sesame seedlings on the bed treated with the fungus showed better growth than not treated seedlings.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.408-421
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• 1989

The effects of seeding and clipping termination dates, and seeding and fertilizer rates on forage and grain yields were evaluated in 1989 harvest year for dual production of forage and grain of naked and malting barleys in Cheju province. In the experiment I, 'Saessalbori' (naked barleY)1 and 'Doosan 22' (malting barley) were seeded on Sept. 21, Oct. 12 and Nov. 2, respectively. An unclipped(grain-only) treatment that was planted on Nov. 2 was included for check. In the experiment II, the two above cultivars were planted at seed rate of 14, 20 and 26 and kg/l0a. Fertilizer rates were 9-6-12, 17-13-8 and 22-16-11 (N-P$_2$O$\sub$5/-K$_2$O) kg/l0a. Seeding dates were Oct. 13 and Nov. 7 for clipped treatments and grain -only treatment(seeding rate: 14kg/l0a, N-P$_2$O$\sub$5/-K$_2$O=9-6-12 kg/l0a), respectively. All treatments in both experiments were harvested for grain yield. In Saessalbori, survival following forage removal was 100％ regardless of seeding and clipping termination dates, and seeding and fertilizer rates. In Doosan 22, survival percenage decreased with increasing seeding and fertilizer rates when plants was clipped in January to Febuary. Forage yield of two cultivars increased with early planting and delays in clipping termination and tended to increase as seeding and fertilizer rates were increased. Crude ash and fat were not affected by seeding and fertilizer rates, and clipping date. Crude protein increased with an increase in fertilizer rate and decreased with delays in clipping date. N free extract tended to increase with delaying clipping date and decreased with increasing fertilizer rate. Earlier planting resulted in earlier heading and maturity. Clipping slightly delayed heading of Saessalbori and greatly delayed that of Doosan 22. Maturity of Doosan 22 was delayed 3 to 5 days by increased fertilization. Clipping shortened culm length more severely in Doosan 22 than in Saessalbori. The later the clipping termination, the shorter the culm length. The number of spikes per m$^2$ and the number of kernels per spike were not affected by clipping in Saessalbori while those of Doosan 22 were decreased with delays in clipping termination. Delaying forage harvest resulted In a reduction in grain yield. However, final clipping on Feb. 27 reduced grain yield of Saessalbori by only 6-11 ％ compared to the grain-only treatment. In Doosan 22, forage harvest after Dec. 28 resulted in 6 to 66％ reduction of grain yield. The data indicate that grazing of naked and malting barleys until late Feb. and late Dec., respectively, might not reduce grain yields when planted on mid-Sept. to mid-Oct.