• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.53-59
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• 2018

Purpose - This study examines the effect of control-ownership wedge on stock crash risk. In Korea, controlling shareholders have exclusive control rights compared to their cash flow rights. With increasing disparity, controlling shareholders abuse their power and extract private benefits at the expense of the minority shareholders. Managers who are controlling shareholders of the companies tend not to disclose critical information that would prevent them from pursuing private interests. They accumulate negative information in the firm. When the accumulated bad news crosses a tipping point, it will be suddenly released to the market at once, resulting in an abrupt decline in stock prices. We predict that stock price crash likelihood due to information opaqueness increases as the wedge increases. Research design, data, and methodology - 831 KOSPI-listed firm-year observations are from KisValue database from 2005 to 2011. Control-ownership wedge is measured as the ratio (UCO -UCF)/UCO where UCF(UCO) is the ultimate cash-flow(control) rights of the largest controlling shareholder. Dependent variable CRASH is a dummy variable that equals one if the firm has at least 1 crash week during a year, and zero otherwise. Logistic regression is used to examine the relationship between control-ownership wedge and stock price crash risk. Results - Using a sample of KOSPI-listed firms in KisValue database for the period 2005-2011, we find that stock price crash risk increases as the disparity increases. Specifically, we find that the coefficient of WEDGE is significantly positive, supporting our prediction. The result implies that as controlling shareholders' ownership increases, controlling shareholders tend to withhold bad news. Conclusions - Our results show that agency problems arising from the divergence between control rights and cash flow rights increase the opaqueness of accounting information. Eventually, the accumulated bad news is released all at once, leading to stock price crashes. It could be seen that companies with high control-ownership wedge are likely to experience future stock price crashes. Our study is related to a broader literature that examined the effect of the control-ownership wedge on stock markets. Our findings suggest that the disparity is a meaningful predictor for future stock price crash risk. The results are expected to provide useful implications for firms, regulators, and investors.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.493-506
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of people in general characteristics about oral malodor. The subjects in this study are 184 people who visited the clinical practice lab at J health college to get their teeth scaled. After conducting a survey from May 1 to June 3, 2008, we selected four different ares and then analyzed the answer sheets from 179 respondents including smoking/nonsmoking, scaling experience, toothbrushing frequency and the use of oral hygiene supplies. SPSS WIN 12.0 program was used to make a frequency analysis and cross analysis. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. Concerning an intention of treatment for oral malodor, 37.4% didn't intend to receive treatment even in case of having bad breath. 28.5% didn't yet have any definite idea about that, and 20.7% had no mind to do that at all. 10.6% had an intention to receive treatment, and 2.8% want to receive treatment. 2. As for how to cope with oral malodor in case of suffering from it, 47.5% chewed gums or ate candy. 25.1% scarcely care about that, and 15.6% covered their mouth whenever they spoke. 9.5% had little confidence about talking to others, and 2.2% found it difficult to build an amicable interpersonal relationship. 3. Concerning what to do about another person's oral malodor, 40.8% did nothing, and 19% talked to the person about that. 17.3% gave him or her chewing gum. Among their oral health characteristics, toothbrushing frequency made a significant difference to the way they responded to another person's oral malodor(p<.05). 4. As to subjective feelings about another person's oral malodor, 41.9% just found it bearable. 36.9% were a little displeased, and 9.5% never felt bad about another person's bad breath. 8.9% tried to avoid the person, and 2.8% advised him or her to chew gum. 5. Regarding an intention of participating in a oral malodor program, 46.9% had no idea about that. 31.3% intended to participate in the program, and 13.4% wanted to do that without fail. 6.1% had no mind for that, and 2.2% were never going to do that. Among characteristics of the user oral hygiene device made a significant difference whether to participating in the oral malodor program(p<.05).

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.65-75
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• 2018

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the satisfaction of Korean medicine doctors (KMD) who conducted Korean medicine school doctor program (KMSD). We are going to use study as a foundation for activation KMSD program. Methods : Seoul Korean medicine association and Seoul metropolitan office of education conducted KMSD program for 22 schools in 2017. The program included health lessons, health counseling, and health care programs. After program finished, we carried out self-administered questionnaire survey to KMD who participated in KMSD program and we analysed it. Results : A total of 45 people answered the questionnaire, and 56% of respondents answered as 'Good progress' and 44% answered as 'Bad progress'. The reason for good progress was 'Good cooperation of School' (47.4%). 'Personalized program for participant' (23.68%), 'Support of Seoul Korean Medicine Association' (21.1%). The reason for 'Bad progress' was 'Bad cooperation of School' (37.8%), 'Lack of personal circumstances' (32.4%), 'Lack of motivation' (16.2%). The advantage of KMSD program included 'It is helpful for positive perception of the Korean medicine' and 'Korean medicine can contribute to improving public health, which is the health of schools' was 25%, 'It is helpful in expanding the services of Korean medicines to children and adolescents' was 17.6%, 'Highly satisfaction in participations' was 15.7%. The question of prerequisites for activation KMSD Program included 'Active cooperation of school' was 35.05%, 'Expand teaching materials and programs' was 20.62%, 'Support of Seoul Korean Medicine Association' was 15.46%. Conclusions : We will organize and activate programs of KMSD program and conduct program based on harmony of local community and school support, research of school health program. The program will contribute to improve student health and develop Korean health support program.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.37-47
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• 2013

PURPOSE : Club dance is one of the most popular cultures worldwide and is getting popular in Korea over time. However, club still has negative awareness in the country due to the media spreading only harmful aspects of club culture. At any rate, nowadays many young aged people can easily have chances to experience clubs so we tried to find out the bad effects caused by clubs. METHOD : We conducted a survey and the number of participants who agreed to participate in this survey was 500, including both men and women. There are a total of 50 questions in the questionnaire form used by this study and the questions were divided into three categories: general(18), psychologic-related(7), social-cultural(9), and physical-related(16) questions. Data collected for this study was analyzed via frequency analysis using SPSS. RESULT : In our survey, most students who had already experienced the club culture tend to go to club once or twice a month, and they answered that they would feel bored if they were nor able to do so. In terms of social life, most respondents said that they had lower efficiency in working and studying the next day after going to clubs because of fatigue. In physical aspect, club users use then pelvis and lower back a lot while dancing. The respondents answered that they experienced muscle soreness, a loss in weight, and changes in their body as a consequence of intense dancing. They complaint pain mostly in lower limbs, so we could find out the fact that legs were primarily used for the club dance. CONCLUSION : To sum up, the club culture in undergraduate students affects on their daily living and body, and also has good effects as well as bad ones. Therefore, we need to look at the club culture positively and to improve bad effects of club culture.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2004

Mt. Deogyusan, 1,614m in altitude, is located in the southwest of South Korea. Around Mt. Duckyu, many Korean endemic and rare plants are populated, so it is considered a very important biogeographical area where the temperature zones of northern and southern plants are crossed. Because it is the graceful figure of Mt. Duckyu, it is a common mountain where many tourists visit frequently. Continuous tourist's visit may cause a bad influence on vegetation around the climbing paths. Therefore, weed community around the climbing paths on Mt. Duckyu, where visitors exert a bad influence directly on its community by coming in and out, was surveyed phytosocialogically. Our surveys have been accomplished from July to August, 2003. Weed communities formed around the climbing paths on Mt. Duckyu were divided into several patterns and analysed. They have been divided into 8 communities and 4 subcommunities. Community A: Plantago asiatica community, A-a: Carex bostrychostigma subcommunity, A-b: Artemisia princeps var. orientalis subcommunity, B: Sasa borealis community, B-a: Carex siderosticta subcommunity, B-b: Veratrum parulum subcommunity, C: Rubus crataegifolius community, D: Hosta longipes community, E: Tripterygium regelii community, F: Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens community, G: Carex okamotoi community, H: Lespedeza maximowiczii community. The flora surveyed in these communities was constituted of 34 families, 83 genera, 12 varieties, and 92 species. Wild plants such as Plantago asiatica, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Rubus crataegifolius, Sasa borealis and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens were mostly light loving plants and higher resistant plants against the stamping pressure.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.12
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• pp.3-11
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• 2014

Multiple antennas can provide huge capacity gains when the transmitter knows the channel state information (CSI). Precoding is a technique that exploits CSI at the transmitter side. In this paper, an adaptive precoding scheme is proposed, called a hybrid multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) precoding (HMP). HMP is a combination of linear and nonlinear precoding. The number of transmit antennas less than or equal to four is as same as the conventional antenna selection scheme. Therefore, the HMP scheme uses more than four transmit antennas. The good channel means that the channels must be selected to maximize the channel capacity among the given channels, and the rest channels are called bad channel. In HMP scheme, we use the nonlinear precoding in the good channels and the linear precoding in the bad channels. The well-known Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) is considered as nonlinear precoding. The system throughput and MSE (minimum square error) are shown for the performance of HMP scheme compared to the conventional schemes which are BD (block diagonalization), antenna selection and THP.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.232-241
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• 2003

Mountain Chungyeong, 879m in altitude, is located in the northeast of the middle area in Korea. Around Mt. Chungyeong, many Korean endemic and rare plants are populated, so it is considered a very important biogeographical area where the temperature zones of northern and southern plants are crossed. Because it is close to Seoul, a capital of Korea, it is a common mountain where many tourists visit frequently. Continuous tourist's visit may cause a bad influence on vegetation around the climbing paths. Therefor, weed community around the climbing paths on Mt. Chungyeong, where visitors exert a bad influence directly on its community by coming in and out, was surveyed phytosocialogically. Our surveys have been accomplished from August, 2001 to September, 2002. weed communities formed around the climbing paths on Mt. Chungyeong were divided into several patterns and analysed. They have been divided into 5 communities and 5 subcommunities. Community A: Plantago asiatica community, A-a: Erigeron annuus subcommunity, A-b: Carex. lanceolata subcommunity, B: Pseudostellaria palibiniana community, B-a: Carex siderosticta subcommunity, B-b: Galium trachyspermum subcommunity, C: Pueraria thunbergiana community, D: Lespedeza maximowiczii community, E: Rubus crataegifolius community, F: Oplismenus undulatifolius community, The flora surveyed in these communities was constituted of 47 families, 101 genera, 17 varieties, and 149 species. Wild plants such as Plantago asiatica, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron strigosus, Pueraria thunbergiana, Lespedeza maximowiezii, Rubus crataegifolius, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Artemisia japonica and Lysimachia clethroides were mostly light loving plants and higher resistant plants against the stamping pressure. Our result from the ranking all surveyed areas by the Bray-Curtis ordination method was very similar to the results from phytosocialogical table analysis.

• Trans-
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• v.4
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• pp.87-109
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• 2018

The genres of fantastic of Korean films created in the 90s are diverse. The fantastics of these works are not manifested only in 'Ghosts' movies. For example, If the film Mystery Of The Cube, which is based on the mystery of Lee Sang, has a story of structuralist fantasy, we can say that a movie like Tell Me Something has a psychologically conventional fantastic. This study examines the fantastic of contemporary Korean films through 'completion of allegory based on realism'. For this, we borrows the fantastic concept of Etienne Souriau. In some films, fantastics can be found directly in the developing nature. In this case, the human being who justifies their domination of nature by upgrading their position as the objectifying subject of nature becomes 'alienated' in return. The notion of this alienation in film narratives is often revealed through allegories, particularly in the manifestation of fantasy by Étienne Souriau in the early 'personal experience'. Kim kiduk's film is a representative example of allegorizing elements of society through individual experience. Focusing on Kim Giduk's Bad Guy, this essay analyzes the process in which fantastic films of Korea in the 90s build up aesthetic fantastic through imitation of society.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.625-630
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• 2012

The DGNSS Central Office operates 17 DGNSS reference stations. Compared to the other DGNSS sites, the TEQC data quality of some sites is poorer. In this study, we tried to find out the causes that degrade the quality of GPS data for the purpose of improving the signal quality of the DGNSS stations. We selected the Chungju station that is the one of those stations with bad data quality. Through the on-site visit, we found that there is no signal-blocking obstacles. In addition to site surveys, we conducted two experiments; simultaneous observation considering environmental factors and comparison test through equipment replacements to check the malfunctioning of GPS equipments. In the simultaneous test results, we realized that environmental factors do not induce any bad effects on the data quality. In equipment replacement experiments, we confirmed that the data quality is of excellent quality when the test receiver was used instead of the original one installed at the site. When we replaced the antenna instead of the receiver, the data quality was bad. Through those two experiments, we concluded that the receiver is the main factor that degrades the signal quality.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.27-37
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• 2021

This paper empirically examined the relationship between the housing market and the stock market to investigate the price and the asymmetric volatility spillover effects. The monthly housing price index and the monthly KOSPI were used for analysis. This research employed the EGARCH model. The analysis period was from January 1986 until June 2021 with periodization centered on the Asian Financial Crisis: before and after the crisis - the end of December 1997. The EGARCH model allows analysis of 'good news' and 'bad news' in understanding volatility. The price spillover effect was observed one way from the stock market to the housing market. On the contrary, the spillover effect was not found from the housing market to the stock market. The empirical evidence suggests that there are price and asymmetric volatility effects in the entire period of analysis in both housing and the stock markets. In the housing market, the negative effects of information were found pre-financial crisis while the positive effects, in other periods. However, in the stock market, the negative effects of information were found in the pre- and post-financial crisis periods. This means that the housing market is more affected by 'good news' than 'bad news' when information spreads to the markets while the stock market is more affected by 'bad news' than 'good news'. It is of significance to discover the variable returns by different information.