• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to propose a method using population risk to assess the local background exposure effect of harmful pollutants from chemical accidents in Ulsan. Methods: The benzene was selected as representative harmful pollutant. The concentrations of benzene were measured and analyzed at 40 sites in Ulsan city in September, 2018. The data from National Statistics office in Korea were used for population density, and the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) data from US EPA were used for unit risk. Results: The risk assessment can be carried out by considering the background population risk. The background population risk was calculated as 5.01 persons per million for exposure to benzene in Ulsan, and therefore may be used as a adjusted background method in case of chemical accident caused by benzene. Conclusions: This study may provide the evidence that background exposure effect and risk to harmful pollutants from chemical accidents would be useful.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.57-73
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• 2008

이 논문은 어떤 환경정책이 의사결정자들의 부(wealth)에 외생적인 위험을 증대시키는 경우 그러한 환경정책의 파급효과가 직접적으로는 상관이 없는 것으로 보일 수 있는 여타 경제적 의사결정에까지 미친다는 것을 기회향상모형을 통해 이론적으로 보인다. 이 논문에서 우리는 어떠한 환경정책에 의해 의사결정자들의 부에 외생적 위험이 커지는 경우 위험기피적인 의사결정자들은 여타 기회향상적 의사결정에서 보다 더 위험기피적으로 행동한다는 것을 입증하고, 이러한 결론이 환경정책의 수립과 시행과정에서 가지는 함의를 논의한다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제52권8호
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• pp.464-471
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• 2014

This article reviewed theological background and historicak development in dental caries management by risk assessment. Dental caries prevention and treatment according to CAMBRA model is patient-centered, risk-based, evidence-based practice. Team approach is necessary and clinician need to integrate science, practice and product. Dental hygienist take a important role in implementing CAMBRA. CAMBRA model could be incorporated into dental and dental hygiene education. Dentist and dental hygienist able to provide scientific and ethical care managing dental caries by risk assessment.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.556-565
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• 2014

This paper proposes a method to track object of real-time video transferred through single web-camera and to recognize risk-situation and human actions. The proposed method recognizes human basic actions that human can do in daily life and finds risk-situation such as faint and falling down to classify usual action and risk-situation. The proposed method models the background, obtains the difference image between input image and the modeled background image, extracts human object from input image, tracts object's motion and recognizes human actions. Tracking object uses the moment information of extracting object and the characteristic of object's recognition is moment's change and ratio of object's size between frames. Actions classified are four actions of walking, waling diagonally, sitting down, standing up among the most actions human do in daily life and suddenly falling down is classified into risk-situation. To test the proposed method, we applied it for eight participants from a video of a web-cam, classify human action and recognize risk-situation. The test result showed more than 97 percent recognition rate for each action and 100 percent recognition rate for risk-situation by the proposed method.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.83-97
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• 2021

Background: The lifetime risk of lung cancer incidence due to radiation for nonsmokers is overestimated because of the use of the average cancer baseline risk among a mixed population, including smokers. In recent years, the generalized multiplicative (GM)-excess relative risk (ERR) model has been developed in the life span study of atomic bomb survivors to consider the joint effect of radiation and smoking. Based on this background, this paper discusses the issues of radiation risk assessment considering smoking in two parts. Materials and Methods: In Part 1, we proposed a simple method of estimating the baseline risk for nonsmokers using current smoking data. We performed sensitivity analysis on baseline risk estimation to discuss the birth cohort effects. In Part 2, we applied the GM-ERR model for Japanese smokers to calculate lifetime attributable risk (LAR). We also performed a sensitivity analysis using other ERR models (e.g., simple additive (SA)-ERR model). Results and Discussion: In Part 1, the lifetime baseline risk from mixed population including smokers to nonsmokers decreased by 54% (44%-60%) for males and 24% (18%-29%) for females. In Part 2, comparison of LAR between SA- and GM-ERR models showed that if the radiation dose was ≤200 mGy or less, the difference between these ERR models was within the standard deviation of LAR due to the uncertainty of smoking information. Conclusion: The use of mixed population for baseline risk assessment overestimates the risk for lung cancer due to low-dose radiation exposure in Japanese males.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2021

There is domestic Soil Contamination Warning Standard (SCWS) as remediation standard concentration of contaminated soils. No risk should be observed at soil concentration less than SCWS. Therefore, SCWS was evaluated to confirm the risk assessment. Background Concentration of Soil (BGC) and target remediation concentration were also assessed. The results show that Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) of SCWS was the highest in the groundwater intake pathway (Adult: 6.27E-04, Child: 2.81E-04). Total Cancer Risk (TCR) was 7.76E-04 and 4.30E-04 for adult and child, exceeding reference value (10^-6). Hazard Quotient (Non-Carcinogenic Risk, HQ) was the highest in the indoor air inhalation pathway (Adult: 3.64E+03, Child: 8.74E+02). Hazard Index (Total Non-Carcinogenic Risk, HI) exceeded reference value 1. ECR of the BGC was the highest in the groundwater intake pathway (Adult: 1.71E-04, Child: 7.67E-05). TCR was 2.12E-04 for adults and 1.17E-04 for children, exceeding the reference value (10^-6). HQ was the highest in groundwater intake pathway (Adult: 4.10E-01, Child: 1.84E-01). HI was lower than reference value 1 (Adult: 4.78E-01, Child: 2.50E-01). The heavy metal affecting ECR was Arsenic (As). The remediation-concentration of As was 7.14 mg/kg which is higher than BGC (6.83 mg/kg). TCR of As should be less than reference value (10^-6), but it was higher for all of SCWS, BGC and target remediation concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that risk assessment factors should be re-evaluated to fit domestic environmental settings and SCWS should be induced to satisfy the risk assessment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.2979-2982
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• 2016

Background: High dose ionizing radiation can induce ovarian cancer, but the effect of low dose radiation on the development of ovarian cancer has not been extensively studied. We evaluated the effect of low dose radiation and total background radiation, and the radiation delivered to the ovaries during the treatment of rectosigmoid cancer and breast cancer on ovarian cancer incidence. Materials and Methods: Background radiation measurements are from Assessment of Variations in Radiation Exposure in the United States, 2011. Ovarian cancer incidence data are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of ovarian cancer following breast cancer and rectosigmoid cancer are from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data. Obesity data by US state are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mean ages of US state populations are from the United States Census Bureau. Results: We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIR) from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, which reveal that in 194,042 cases of breast cancer treated with beam radiation, there were 796 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months of treatment (0.41%); in 283, 875 cases of breast cancer not treated with radiation, there were 1,531 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months (0.54%). The difference in ovarian cancer incidence in the two groups was significant (p < 0.001, two tailed Fisher exact test). The small dose of scattered ovarian radiation (about 3.09 cGy) from beam radiation to the breast appears to have reduced the risk of ovarian cancer by 24%. In 13,099 cases of rectal or rectosigmoid junction cancer treated with beam radiation in the SEER data, there were 20 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months of treatment (0.15%). In 33,305 cases of rectal or rectosigmoid junction cancer not treated with radiation, there were 91 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months (0.27%). The difference in ovarian cancer incidence in the two groups was significant (p = 0.017, two tailed Fisher exact test). In other words, the beam radiation to rectum and rectosigmoid that also reached the ovaries reduced the risk of ovarian cancer by 44%. In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between ovarian cancer in white women and radon background radiation (r = - 0.465. p = 0.002) and total background radiation (r = -0.456, p = 0.002). Because increasing age and obesity are risk factors for ovarian cancer, multivariate linear regression was performed. The inverse relationship between ovarian cancer incidence and radon background was significant (${\beta}=-0.463$, p = 0.002) but unrelated to age (${\beta}=-0.080$, p = 0.570) or obesity (${\beta}=-0.180$, p = 0.208). Conclusions: The reduction of ovarian cancer risk following low dose radiation may be the result of radiation hormesis. Hormesis is a favorable biological response to low toxin exposure. A pollutant or toxin demonstrating hormesis has the opposite effect in small doses as in large doses. In the case of radiation, large doses are carcinogenic. However, lower overall cancer rates are found in U.S. states with high impact radiation. Moreover, there is reduced lung cancer incidence in high radiation background US states where nuclear weapons testing was done. Women at increased risk of ovarian cancer have two choices. They may be closely followed (surveillance) or undergo immediate prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. However, the efficacy of surveillance is questionable. Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is considered preferable, although it carries the risk of surgical complications. The data analysis above suggests that low-dose pelvic irradiation might be a good third choice to reduce ovarian cancer risk. Further studies would be worthwhile to establish the lowest optimum radiation dose.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.153-158
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• 2013

Objective: This study aims to suggest different approaches in analyzing risks associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDS) for risk assessment. Background: Upon concluding that the changes in the industrial environments have made it hard to regulate diverse risk factors, the government has implemented a policy for risk assessment. Method: This study has proposed a method, creating programs using Excel that perform qualitative or quantitative analysis, for evaluating risk factors in risk assessments and has applied this in manufacture and service industries. Results: To verify the validity of the developed program, risk assessment has been performed on restaurant chefs as an example. For quantitative evaluation, the study has suggested approaches using the results for REBA evaluation and the analysis report on the work scenes of a fitting-shop in a shipbuilding industry. Application: Constructing and adapting a system using Excel in evaluating risk factors for risk assessments as this study suggests, is expected to contribute to revitalizing risk assessments.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.155-170
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• 2019

This study examines the model of perceived risk, trust, and continuous transaction intentions presented in a study of the buying behavior in International Transaction. Although most of the trade transactions have been studied as a legal supplement, trade transactions are also purchasing behavior aimed at maintaining continuous transaction intentions between the parties. The study results confirmed that perceived risk could be separated into risk neutrality, risk - taking and risk aversion, and perceived risk had an effect on trust. In addition, the trust affected by perceived risk in the trade transaction model has a statistically significant effect on continuous transaction intentions. The study results confirm that the theoretical background used in previous studies of purchase behavior models is also effective in trade transaction.

• 경영정보학연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.39-64
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• 2015

기업들은 정보보안 위험을 관리하기 위해 보안대책을 수립하고 있지만 직원들은 이를 잘 지키려하지 않고, 그들의 정보보안 행동의도는 명확하게 규명되지 않았다. 본 연구는 금융기관 구성원들의 정보보안 위험관리 의도를 이해하기 위해 보호동기이론과 감독 당국의 압력 그리고 보호동기의 근원이 되는 배경요인(근원정보)을 사용해서 연구모형을 개발했다. 금융기관 구성원 201명의 설문조사 자료를 분석해 실증적인 연구결과를 제시했다. 인지된 심각성, 자기 효능감 그리고 감독 당국의 압력은 정보보안 위험관리 의도에 정(+)의 영향을 주었고, 인지된 취약성과 반응 효능감은 의도에 영향을 주지 못했다. 배경요인으로 고려한 보안회피습관은 모든 매개변수에 부(-)의 영향을 주었지만 의도와의 직접적인 영향관계를 확인하지는 못했다. 보안인식교육은 정보보안 위험관리 의도와 인지된 취약성, 자기 효능감, 반응 효능감 그리고 감독 당국의 압력에 정(+)의 영향을 주었고 인지된 심각성에 영향을 주지 못했다. 본 연구의 시사점은 연구자들이 향후 감독 당국의 압력을 조직과 조직 구성원의 행동 관련 정보보안 분야의 연구에서 사용할 수 있는 기반을 마련했고, 배경요인 사용은 보호동기이론의 확장을 위한 근거를 제공했다. 또 보안 실무자와 감독 당국의 정보보안 활동을 위한 기반자료를 제공했다. 그리고 본 연구는 한계점과 향후 연구방향을 제시하고 있다.