• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.231-237
• /
• 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to propose a method using population risk to assess the local background exposure effect of harmful pollutants from chemical accidents in Ulsan. Methods: The benzene was selected as representative harmful pollutant. The concentrations of benzene were measured and analyzed at 40 sites in Ulsan city in September, 2018. The data from National Statistics office in Korea were used for population density, and the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) data from US EPA were used for unit risk. Results: The risk assessment can be carried out by considering the background population risk. The background population risk was calculated as 5.01 persons per million for exposure to benzene in Ulsan, and therefore may be used as a adjusted background method in case of chemical accident caused by benzene. Conclusions: This study may provide the evidence that background exposure effect and risk to harmful pollutants from chemical accidents would be useful.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.57-73
• /
• 2008

This short paper considers the situation where an environmental policy could play a source of an exogenous background risk at an individual's wealth and analyzes the effect of such a background risk on the individual's decision making in a simple chance-improving model. Our analysis shows that risks at initial wealth generated by an environmental policy could be regarded as an exogenous background risk in many cases and that such a risk makes a risk averse person behave more risk aversely in some restricted decision making situations. A policy maker considering an environmental policy which would affect individuals' initial wealth should take into account that the environmental policy could affect an individual's seemingly irrelevant economics decisions via his or her wealth.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
• /
• v.52 no.8
• /
• pp.464-471
• /
• 2014

This article reviewed theological background and historicak development in dental caries management by risk assessment. Dental caries prevention and treatment according to CAMBRA model is patient-centered, risk-based, evidence-based practice. Team approach is necessary and clinician need to integrate science, practice and product. Dental hygienist take a important role in implementing CAMBRA. CAMBRA model could be incorporated into dental and dental hygiene education. Dentist and dental hygienist able to provide scientific and ethical care managing dental caries by risk assessment.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.556-565
• /
• 2014

This paper proposes a method to track object of real-time video transferred through single web-camera and to recognize risk-situation and human actions. The proposed method recognizes human basic actions that human can do in daily life and finds risk-situation such as faint and falling down to classify usual action and risk-situation. The proposed method models the background, obtains the difference image between input image and the modeled background image, extracts human object from input image, tracts object's motion and recognizes human actions. Tracking object uses the moment information of extracting object and the characteristic of object's recognition is moment's change and ratio of object's size between frames. Actions classified are four actions of walking, waling diagonally, sitting down, standing up among the most actions human do in daily life and suddenly falling down is classified into risk-situation. To test the proposed method, we applied it for eight participants from a video of a web-cam, classify human action and recognize risk-situation. The test result showed more than 97 percent recognition rate for each action and 100 percent recognition rate for risk-situation by the proposed method.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.83-97
• /
• 2021

Background: The lifetime risk of lung cancer incidence due to radiation for nonsmokers is overestimated because of the use of the average cancer baseline risk among a mixed population, including smokers. In recent years, the generalized multiplicative (GM)-excess relative risk (ERR) model has been developed in the life span study of atomic bomb survivors to consider the joint effect of radiation and smoking. Based on this background, this paper discusses the issues of radiation risk assessment considering smoking in two parts. Materials and Methods: In Part 1, we proposed a simple method of estimating the baseline risk for nonsmokers using current smoking data. We performed sensitivity analysis on baseline risk estimation to discuss the birth cohort effects. In Part 2, we applied the GM-ERR model for Japanese smokers to calculate lifetime attributable risk (LAR). We also performed a sensitivity analysis using other ERR models (e.g., simple additive (SA)-ERR model). Results and Discussion: In Part 1, the lifetime baseline risk from mixed population including smokers to nonsmokers decreased by 54% (44%-60%) for males and 24% (18%-29%) for females. In Part 2, comparison of LAR between SA- and GM-ERR models showed that if the radiation dose was ≤200 mGy or less, the difference between these ERR models was within the standard deviation of LAR due to the uncertainty of smoking information. Conclusion: The use of mixed population for baseline risk assessment overestimates the risk for lung cancer due to low-dose radiation exposure in Japanese males.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.37-49
• /
• 2021

There is domestic Soil Contamination Warning Standard (SCWS) as remediation standard concentration of contaminated soils. No risk should be observed at soil concentration less than SCWS. Therefore, SCWS was evaluated to confirm the risk assessment. Background Concentration of Soil (BGC) and target remediation concentration were also assessed. The results show that Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) of SCWS was the highest in the groundwater intake pathway (Adult: 6.27E-04, Child: 2.81E-04). Total Cancer Risk (TCR) was 7.76E-04 and 4.30E-04 for adult and child, exceeding reference value (10^-6). Hazard Quotient (Non-Carcinogenic Risk, HQ) was the highest in the indoor air inhalation pathway (Adult: 3.64E+03, Child: 8.74E+02). Hazard Index (Total Non-Carcinogenic Risk, HI) exceeded reference value 1. ECR of the BGC was the highest in the groundwater intake pathway (Adult: 1.71E-04, Child: 7.67E-05). TCR was 2.12E-04 for adults and 1.17E-04 for children, exceeding the reference value (10^-6). HQ was the highest in groundwater intake pathway (Adult: 4.10E-01, Child: 1.84E-01). HI was lower than reference value 1 (Adult: 4.78E-01, Child: 2.50E-01). The heavy metal affecting ECR was Arsenic (As). The remediation-concentration of As was 7.14 mg/kg which is higher than BGC (6.83 mg/kg). TCR of As should be less than reference value (10^-6), but it was higher for all of SCWS, BGC and target remediation concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that risk assessment factors should be re-evaluated to fit domestic environmental settings and SCWS should be induced to satisfy the risk assessment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.2979-2982
• /
• 2016

Background: High dose ionizing radiation can induce ovarian cancer, but the effect of low dose radiation on the development of ovarian cancer has not been extensively studied. We evaluated the effect of low dose radiation and total background radiation, and the radiation delivered to the ovaries during the treatment of rectosigmoid cancer and breast cancer on ovarian cancer incidence. Materials and Methods: Background radiation measurements are from Assessment of Variations in Radiation Exposure in the United States, 2011. Ovarian cancer incidence data are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of ovarian cancer following breast cancer and rectosigmoid cancer are from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data. Obesity data by US state are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mean ages of US state populations are from the United States Census Bureau. Results: We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIR) from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, which reveal that in 194,042 cases of breast cancer treated with beam radiation, there were 796 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months of treatment (0.41%); in 283, 875 cases of breast cancer not treated with radiation, there were 1,531 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months (0.54%). The difference in ovarian cancer incidence in the two groups was significant (p < 0.001, two tailed Fisher exact test). The small dose of scattered ovarian radiation (about 3.09 cGy) from beam radiation to the breast appears to have reduced the risk of ovarian cancer by 24%. In 13,099 cases of rectal or rectosigmoid junction cancer treated with beam radiation in the SEER data, there were 20 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months of treatment (0.15%). In 33,305 cases of rectal or rectosigmoid junction cancer not treated with radiation, there were 91 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months (0.27%). The difference in ovarian cancer incidence in the two groups was significant (p = 0.017, two tailed Fisher exact test). In other words, the beam radiation to rectum and rectosigmoid that also reached the ovaries reduced the risk of ovarian cancer by 44%. In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between ovarian cancer in white women and radon background radiation (r = - 0.465. p = 0.002) and total background radiation (r = -0.456, p = 0.002). Because increasing age and obesity are risk factors for ovarian cancer, multivariate linear regression was performed. The inverse relationship between ovarian cancer incidence and radon background was significant (${\beta}=-0.463$, p = 0.002) but unrelated to age (${\beta}=-0.080$, p = 0.570) or obesity (${\beta}=-0.180$, p = 0.208). Conclusions: The reduction of ovarian cancer risk following low dose radiation may be the result of radiation hormesis. Hormesis is a favorable biological response to low toxin exposure. A pollutant or toxin demonstrating hormesis has the opposite effect in small doses as in large doses. In the case of radiation, large doses are carcinogenic. However, lower overall cancer rates are found in U.S. states with high impact radiation. Moreover, there is reduced lung cancer incidence in high radiation background US states where nuclear weapons testing was done. Women at increased risk of ovarian cancer have two choices. They may be closely followed (surveillance) or undergo immediate prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. However, the efficacy of surveillance is questionable. Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is considered preferable, although it carries the risk of surgical complications. The data analysis above suggests that low-dose pelvic irradiation might be a good third choice to reduce ovarian cancer risk. Further studies would be worthwhile to establish the lowest optimum radiation dose.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.153-158
• /
• 2013

Objective: This study aims to suggest different approaches in analyzing risks associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDS) for risk assessment. Background: Upon concluding that the changes in the industrial environments have made it hard to regulate diverse risk factors, the government has implemented a policy for risk assessment. Method: This study has proposed a method, creating programs using Excel that perform qualitative or quantitative analysis, for evaluating risk factors in risk assessments and has applied this in manufacture and service industries. Results: To verify the validity of the developed program, risk assessment has been performed on restaurant chefs as an example. For quantitative evaluation, the study has suggested approaches using the results for REBA evaluation and the analysis report on the work scenes of a fitting-shop in a shipbuilding industry. Application: Constructing and adapting a system using Excel in evaluating risk factors for risk assessments as this study suggests, is expected to contribute to revitalizing risk assessments.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.155-170
• /
• 2019

This study examines the model of perceived risk, trust, and continuous transaction intentions presented in a study of the buying behavior in International Transaction. Although most of the trade transactions have been studied as a legal supplement, trade transactions are also purchasing behavior aimed at maintaining continuous transaction intentions between the parties. The study results confirmed that perceived risk could be separated into risk neutrality, risk - taking and risk aversion, and perceived risk had an effect on trust. In addition, the trust affected by perceived risk in the trade transaction model has a statistically significant effect on continuous transaction intentions. The study results confirm that the theoretical background used in previous studies of purchase behavior models is also effective in trade transaction.

• Information Systems Review
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.39-64
• /
• 2015

As information and information technology become more important in competitive corporate environments, the risk of information security breaches has increased accordingly. Although organizations establish security measures to manage information security risks, members of organizations do not comply with them well, and their information security behavior intention is unclear. Therefore, to understand the information security risk management intention of the members of organizations, the present study developed a research model using Protection Motivation Theory, Supervisory Authority Pressure, and Background factors. This study presents empirical research findings based on the analysis of survey data from 201 members of financial institutions. Perceived Severity, Self-efficacy, and Supervisory Authority Pressure had a positive effect on intention; however, Perceived Vulnerability and Response Efficacy did not affect intention. Security Avoidance Habit, which was considered a background factor, had a negative effect on all parameters, and did not have an effect on intention. Security Awareness Training, another background factor, had a positive effect on information security risk management intention and perceived vulnerability, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and supervisory authority pressure, and had no effect on perceived severity. This study used supervisory authority pressure and background factors in the field of information security, and provided a basis to use supervisory authority pressure in future studies on behavior of organizations and members of an organization. In addition, the use of various background factors presented the groundwork for the expansion of protection motivation theory. Furthermore, practitioners can use the study findings as a foundation for organization's security activities, and to improve regulations.