• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.38-46
• /
• 2003

Perceived crowding is known as a necessary method to evaluate social carrying capacity in recreational settings. But according to the results of previous research, perceived crowding, use density, and satisfaction have shown weak and indirect correlations. The theory of visitors’ adjustment is one of several possible explanations for this poor relation. But the validity of the visitors’ adjustment theory has not been not inspected clearly. Therefore, the purposes of this study are to understand visitors’ adjustment theory and to examine visitors’ adjustment to the overuse of recreational settings. Study hypotheses were formulated through literature review and related to visitors’ adjustment in recreation density. Pour hypotheses were established and inspected with the case study, i.e., Rationalization : Visitors’ satisfaction isn't related to use density in recreation setting, 2) Product-shift : Preference norm is related to current use density, 3) Self-selection : Visitors’ satisfaction for the use level is generally high, and 4) Displacement : Norm interference is related to willingness to revisit. The case study was conducted during May and June,2001. According to the results of this survey, visitors adjust to overuse of recreation setting through rationalization and product shift (hypotheses l/2 acceptance). Current use density isn't related to visitors’ satisfaction and willingness to revisit (see table 3). And visitors’ preference norm is modified by situation (see table 4). Visitors’ satisfaction and willingness to revisit don't show a high correlation but moderately high (see table 5, hypothesis 3 acceptance). Differences between visitors’ preference norm and current use density is norm interference. Norm interference isn't related to willingness to revisit (see table 7). Therefore, the norm interference concept is not a useful method to explain visitors’ adjustment to the degree of overuse in a recreational setting (hypothesis 4 rejection). As for future directions, the following are proposed: 1) correctly understanding and reestablishing the visitor norm and norm interference concept, 2) introducing a composite research method to monitor visitors’ behavior and survey visitors’ attitudes and coping responses. These efforts would be helpful in the Planning and management of recreational settings to improve the quality of visitors’ experiences.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.342-356
• /
• 2014

This study aims to provide the fundamental data for restoration through the analysis of vegetation structure characteristic for managed area with deforest and fumigation among the places damaged by oak wilt disease in Bukhansan National Park. Study areas were selected in six damaged areas with 18 plots ($20m{\times}20m$) including comparing plots between year 2006 and year 2011 after preliminary study finding the exact location with easy access. Analysis items are density and coverage of under story layer, Importance Percentage of under story layer and Importance Percentage of urban adapted species and alien species. As a result, density and coverage under the canopy layer's vegetation was higher than comparing plot in Musugol valley and Soquicheon valley which 4 years and more passed. And Wondobong, Darakwon, Doseonsa and Dobong valley which had not been passed 3 years after deforestation and fumigation decreased in those of vegetation. However, the plots in Wondobong and Doseonsa was analyzed to be higher in density of shrubs than comparing plot. In terms of distirbution of species in under canopy layer which is grown as a upper vegetation, Quercus serrata and Sorbus alnifolia dominated each other in under canopy layer except for Wondobong and Darakwon. Wondobong continuously maintained Quercus mongolica and Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora dominated in under canopy layer of Darakwon. S. alnifolia which is Urban adapted species were distributed in most study areas. In terms of alien species, Magnolia obovata and Robinia pseudoacacia were newly intruded in the opened crown, and Pueraria thunbergiana was distributed in Soquicheon valley. As the result of soil analysis, acidification(pH 4.49) and low level of organic matter(3.23%), available phosphate(1.40mg/kg) and exchangeable cation were analyzed and it was considered that those environment poorly support the vegetation growth.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.484-489
• /
• 2014

In this paper, we examined factors that influenced light pollution in Korean national parks during peak and off-peak tourist seasons. Cloud-and moonlight-free nighttime satellite images that were collected during October 2012(for peak season) and January 2013(for off-peak season) by the Day and Night Band (DNB) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor were used to estimate the levels of light pollution in 19 national parks (excluding the Bukhansan and Mudeungsan National Parks). Bootstrapping regression analyses were conducted to examine the effects of socioeconomic and policy factors on light pollution in the study national parks for peak and off-peak tourist seasons, separately. The characteristics of light pollution in the national parks varied by season. During the peak tourist season, light pollution in the national parks were affected more by night lights nearby the parks than those within in the parks, while in the off-peak season, light sources in the parks were more important. Scattering of light emitted from hotels and other recreational facilities outside the parks that led to the sky glow effect can be attributed to the greater impact of night lights nearby the parks during the peak season. This result suggests that regulating light pollution nearby the park areas is needed to mitigate light pollution in the national parks, especially in a peak tourist season.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.106-112
• /
• 2008

To investigate the vegetation structure of the mountain ridges ranging from Songchu to Dobong, this research set up 22 plots$(400m^2)$ as survey target areas. As a result of the analysis of woody plant cluster, it was classified as two groups-Quercus mongolica community and Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community. Quercus mongolica was found as a mostly dominant woody plant species in the ridge areas from Songchu to Dobong, while Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Quercus acutissima were mixed up partly in low altitudes. High negative correlations were shown between Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata, Quercus serrata and Acer pseudosieboldianum, Pinus densiflora and Acer pseudosieboldianum, and relatively high positive correlations were found to exist between Quercus acutissima and Quercus serrata; Quercus mongolica and Rhododendron mucronulatum; Pinus rigid a and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Sorbus alnifolia and Rhododendron mucronulatum; Pinus rigida and Pinus densiflora; Pinus densiflora and Robinia pseudoacacia; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Styrax obassia; Magnolia sieboldii and Symplocos chinensis. Species diversity index(H') by community at the surveyed areas stayed in the scope of $0.997\sim1.160$, which indexes showed nothing different from the vegetation structure of other national parks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.102 no.4
• /
• pp.571-577
• /
• 2013

This study was carried out to establish the construction guidelines of soil erosion control structures for a restoration of mountain stream with analysis of water quality around constructed soil erosion control structures in mountain streams. Water pH of the Uidong valleys in Bukhansan (Mt.) was similar between the constructed soil erosion control structures of lower stream areas [pH 6.53(6.25~6.82)] and the non-constructed areas of upper stream areas [pH 6.32(5.73~6.90)]. Mean concentration of dissolved oxygen was also similar between the constructed soil erosion control structures of lower steam areas [10.2 mg/L(9.9~10.4 mg/L)] and the non-constructed areas of upper stream areas [10.3 mg/L (9.6~10.6 mg/L)]. Mean electric conductivity was similar between the lower [$63.9{\mu}S/cm$ ($32.6{\sim}120.4{\mu}S/cm$)]a nd the upper stream areas [$62.2{\mu}S/cm$ ($40.3{\sim}89.5{\mu}S/cm$)]. Mean concentration of anions was also similar between the lower [15.94 mg/L (3.43~7.98 mg/L)] and the upper stream areas [14.51 mg/L (2.56~4.29 mg/L)]. Water pH of the Honggei valleys in Sancheong-gun was similar between the lower [pH 6.86(6.50~7.10)] and the upper stream areas [pH 6.89(6.61~7.12)]. Mean concentration of dissolved oxygen was also similar between the lower [11.9 mg/L(11.5~12.3 mg/L)] and the upper stream areas [12.2 mg/L (11.6~12.6 mg/L)]. Mean electric conductivity was similar between the lower [$633.4{\mu}S/cm$ ($31.6{\sim}34.6{\mu}S/cm$)] and the upper stream areas [$32.7{\mu}S/cm$ ($31.4{\sim}34.3{\mu}S/cm$)]. Mean concentration of anion was also similar to both stream areas [1.0 mg/L (0.1~2.2 mg/L)]. Water quality in the Uidong and the Honggei valleys was not significantly different between the constructed soil erosion control structures of lower stream areas and the non-constructed areas of upper stream areas. It will be needed to study the time-series analysis of water quality before and after the construction of soil erosion control structure the restoration of mountain streams because the water quality in mountain streams could be affected during the construction processes of structures.